Coupled and complex: Human-environment interaction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA

Complexity theory has received considerable attention over the past decade from a wide variety of disciplines. Some who write on this topic suggest that complexity theory will lead to a unifying understanding of complex phenomena; others dismiss it as a passing and disruptive fad. We suggest that for the analysis of coupled natural/human systems, the truth emerges from the middle ground. As an approach focused as much on the connections among system elements as the elements themselves, we argue that complexity theory provides a useful conceptual framework for the study of coupled natural/human systems. It is, if nothing else, a framework that leads us to ask interesting questions about, for example, sustainability, resilience, threshold events, and predictability.In this paper we attempt to demystify the ongoing discussions on complexity theory by linking its evocative and overloaded terminology to real-world processes. We illustrate how a shift in focus from system elements to connections among elements can lead to meaningful insight into human-environment interactions that might otherwise be overlooked. We ground our discussion in ongoing interdisciplinary research surrounding Yellowstone National Park’s northern elk winter range; a tightly coupled natural/human system that has been the center of debate, conflict, and compromise for more than 135 years.     

人机联作重磁资料解释方法的研究

人机联作模拟反演可以充分利用一些已知的地质地球物理信息,充分发挥人的智能作用,提高地质解释效果。本文利用二度、二度半多边型重磁模型,在IBM微机上初步实现了重磁人机联作解释系统。     

现代河流沉积物碎屑及矿物组分研究新进展

现代河流沉积物忠实地记录了流域盆地内的母岩、风化、搬运和沉积过程中的化学、物理过程以及人类活动的改造作用,是探索和验证源- 汇系统等理论的重要媒介。本文以全球现代河流砂组分数据库为基础,总结了碎屑组分、重矿物组分在不同大陆的分布特征,探讨了其在物源识别、源区贡献率计算、沉积物产生及搬运过程中气候- 构造等影响因素的评估、对源- 汇系统的研究启示等方面的应用。今后建议加强基于大数据的沉积物组分对气候- 构造- 人类活动的响应、沉积物产生及通量、高时间分辨率的沉积物组分变异性、不同物源定量化方法的差异等方面的研究。     

MANAGING PLANET EARTH TO MAKE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT MORE SUSTAINABLE： CLIMATE CHANGE AND HONG KONG

Selected recent findings related to climate change in Hong Kong include： (1)The Hong Kong seafloor has yielded a ca0.5-million year record of climate and sealevel changes.(2)Greenhouse gases produced naturally from subaerially exposed continental shelves and oceanic islands were a probable forcing mechanism in triggering the abrupt termination of past ice ages. (3)An analysis of annual mean temperature records has revealed that the urban heat island effect has contributed ca75％ of the warming. (4)Past volcanic eruptions are found to lower Hong Kongs temperature and to cause extremely dry and wet years. (5)No evidence can be found for an increase in frequency and intensity of typhoons based on the instrumental record since the end of the Second World War. (6)The observed rate of sealevel rise in the South China Sea is much slower than the predictions of the IPCC Fourth Assessment.
For the Earths management, population growth and the depletion of nonrenewable resources must be recognized as unsustainable. The human impact on the natural hydrological cycle is an important forcing mechanism in climate change. In order to delay the demise of the human race, management must include curbing population growth and much more waste recycling than at present.     

浅层地下水补给对人类活动影响的响应特征研究

本文通过数据整理分析,查明滹沱河流域平原区1976-2005年以开采量、灌区引水量和河道过水量为代表的人类活动逐渐增强,分析了浅层地下水补给在大气降水减少和人类活动逐渐增强背景下大幅减少的响应特征:综合补给量所占比率由1976-1980年的21.6%下降到2000-2005年的11.3%.随后,从开采量、河道过水最和灌区引水量三个方面分析了浅层地下水补给响应人类活动的变化特征:地下水补给量与开采量呈y=65.412x-0.2576模式随降水量增减而负相关变化;河道渗漏补给量和渠水入渗量在地下水位不同埋深条件下表现出随来水量、引水量增加而增大的态势,但在不同埋深条件下,河道渗漏补给量与来水量之间、渠水入渗量和引水量之间关系不同.     

龙感湖近百年来沉积物磷的时空分布特征及其人类活动影响

湖泊沉积物蓄积的磷在湖泊环境发生变化(如pH值、Eh改变)时,往往能释放到水体,形成湖泊内源释放,造成湖泊富营养化。因此了解湖泊沉积物磷的蓄积特征,对于湖泊环境的治理和保护有重要意义。通过长江中游龙感湖不同部位钻孔的 210 Pb、沉积物磷和其他环境指标分析表明,近百年来东部湖区沉积速率明显大于西部湖区,北部湖区略大于南部湖区,人类活动在20世纪50年代后期主要通过修建水库和闸坝,改变龙感湖水系结构,也改变了龙感湖的物源供给,因而西部湖区沉积速率略有放缓,东部湖区变化不明显。龙感湖沉积物磷的浓度空间上表现为东部高于西部,这与不同物源磷的背景值相关,时间序列上近百年来呈上升趋势,上世纪50年代以来上升趋势更为明显。在确定沉积物磷背景值的基础上,由于人类活动导致的磷的增加量表明,20世纪50年代开始人类活动导致沉积物磷的增加量持续上升,20世纪70年代末开始增加幅度更大,这一特征与人类活动的方式有关。     

太湖梅梁湾温室气体(CO2,CH4和N2O)浓度的昼夜变化及其控制因素

营养盐载荷增加、富营养化以及全球增温等对湖泊温室气体的影响目前认识还很有限,原因之一在于对湖泊温室气体产生的动力过程了解不够深入,缺少高时间分辨率的现场观测数据。为了解决这一问题,在富营养的太湖梅梁湾水体,每一小时收集一个样品,直接分析N2 O和CH4饱和度、CO2分压(pCO2)以及其他地球化学参数。在7月份的观测中,N2 O和CH4显示出显著的昼夜变化规律。相关性分析表明,有机质降解是调节湖泊N2 O和CH4变化的重要因素之一。虽然人为活动是控制湖泊温室气体大规模变化的主要因素,但沉积物-水界面的生物地球化学过程对温室气体浓度在短时间尺度上的变化有着重要的影响。研究结果揭示了湖泊温室气体除了受人为活动影响外,湖泊自身的生物地球化学过程也是重要的调控因素之一。     

中国北方农牧交错带人类生存环境的过去,现在和未来

中国北方农牧业交错带是我国生产最不稳定的地带，风、旱、冻、雪等灾害频繁出现，具有敏感而脆弱的人地关系。文章在研究了该地带人类生存环境的演化及其规律的基础上，对未来百年人类的生存环境作了预测。     

水生动物对植物蛋白源利用的研究进展

综述了水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.饲料中植物蛋白水平将显著影响鱼类的生长和生理生化状态.水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用与适口性、消化率和必需氨基酸平衡相关.同进实验动物的种类、食性和发育阶段均会对植物蛋白利用产生一定影响.水生动物饲料中植物蛋白源的适宜添加量主要受实验动物种类和饲料中蛋白质水平的影响.因此,通过添加限制性必需氨基酸和减少搞营养因子可以提高水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.