Depositional model and stratigraphic architecture of rift climax Gilbert-type fan deltas (Gulf of Corinth, Greece)

Facies, depositional model and stratigraphic architecture of Pleistocene giant Gilbert-type fan deltas are presented, based on outcrop data from the Derveni–Akrata region along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The common tripartite consisting of topset, foreset and bottomset [Gilbert, G.K., 1885. The topographic features of lake shores: Washington, D.C., United States Geol. Survey, 5th Annual Report, 69–123.] has been identified, as well as the most distal environment consisting of turbidites, and is organised in a repetitive pattern of four main systems tracts showing a clear facies and volumetric partitioning.The first systems tract (ST1) is characterised by the lack of topset beds and the development of a by-pass surface instead, thick foresets and bottomset beds, and thick well-developed turbiditic systems. This systems tract (ST1) is organised in an overall progradational pattern. The second systems tract (ST2) is characterised by a thin topset and almost no foreset equivalent. This systems tract is not always well-preserved and is organised in an overall retrograding trend with a landward shift in the position of the offlap break. The offshore is characterised by massive sandy turbidites. The third systems tract (ST3) is characterised by small-scale deltas prograding above the staked topsets of the giant Gilbert-type fan delta. Those small Gilbert-type fan deltas are generally organised in a pure progradation evolving to an aggradational–progradational pattern. In the distal setting of those small Gilbert-type fan deltas, almost no deposits are preserved on the remaining topography of the previous Gilbert-type fan delta. The fourth systems tract (ST4) is characterised by continuous vertically aggrading topsets that laterally pass into aggrading and prograding foresets. Bottomsets and distal turbiditic systems are starved. This fourth systems tract (ST4) is organised in an overall aggrading trend.These giant Gilbert-type fan deltas correspond to the Middle Group of the Corinth Rift infill and their stratigraphic development was strongly influenced by evolving rift structure. They record the migration of the depocenter from the rift shoulder to the rift axis in four main sequences from ca. 1.5 to 0.7 Ma, related to the migration of fault activity. It is worth noting that the maximum paleobathymetry was recorded during the final stage of the progradation of the Middle Group, suggesting that the rift climax was diachronous at the scale of the entire basin. The rapid (< 1 Ma) structural and sedimentological evolution, the migration of fault activity as well as the youth of the Corinth Rift, are probably exceptional factors allowing the characterisation of such diachronism.     

Quaternary sedimentology of the Rose Creek fan delta, Walker Lake, Nevada, USA, and implications to fan-delta facies models

The 3·2 km long Rose Creek fan delta of west‐central Nevada is prograding from an active rift margin into the 32 m deep Walker Lake. A case study of the forms, processes and facies of this fan delta reveals that the proximal and medial zones mainly are of sub‐aerial origin, and the distal zone is of lacustrine origin. Pebbly to bouldery rock‐avalanche mounds >100 m thick (Facies A) and muddy to bouldery debris flow levées 0·5 to 2·0 m thick (Facies B) dominate the proximal zone, whereas mostly matrix‐supported cobbly pebbly debris flow lobes 0·1 to 1·0 m thick (Facies C) typify the medial zone. Surficial pebble lags and gully fills (Facies D) are widespread in both zones but, in exposures, comprise only partings or lenticles between debris flow units. The distal fan delta mainly consists of lakeshore to lake‐bottom tracts formed by extensive wave reworking of debris flow facies. Nearshore deposits include erosional cobbly boulder lag beaches (Facies E), pebbly constructional beaches attached at headcuts or on barrier spits (Facies F), pebbly upper shoreface (Facies G) and sandy lower shoreface (Facies H) tracts positioned lakeward of the beach, and pebbly landward‐dipping foresets (Facies I) and backshore‐pond sand and mud (Facies J) present landward of the spits. Erosional lag beaches fringe the windward north side of the fan‐delta front, attached constructional beaches characterize the central zone, and southward‐elongating barrier spits typify the leeward south side, extending from the zone of greatest projection of the fan delta into the lake. Shoreline facies asymmetry results from largely unidirectional longshore drift caused by high fetch to the north and minimal fetch to the south, combined with the arcuate shape of the fan‐delta front. The spits overlie a platform deposited below common wave base consisting of south‐east‐trending cones of pebbly Gilbert foresets (Facies K) and sandy toesets (Facies L). Typically slumped silt and mud (Facies M) fringe both this platform and lower shoreface sand in deeper water. This case demonstrates facies types and patterns that are inconsistent with the widely promoted fan‐delta facies model having a front consisting of an apron of radially directed Gilbert foresets deposited where sub‐aerial flows enter the lake. The Rose Creek fan‐delta front instead features a sharp contact between sub‐aerial and lakeshore facies formed where waves erode, sort and redistribute heterogeneous debris flow sediment into the various shallow‐to‐deep lake facies. Gilbert foresets are present only in the lee of the fan delta where sediment moving by longshore drift reaches the brink of the spit front. This facies scenario results from the infrequency of fan‐building events versus nearly constant wind‐induced waves, a scenario that, in contrast to the popular Gilbert model, probably is the norm for fan deltas. The level of Walker Lake, and thus the position of wave reworking on the Rose Creek fan delta, fluctuated over a range of ～157 m during the last 18 kyr, producing complex interfingering between sub‐aerial and lakeshore facies across a 1700 m wide radial belt, typifying a wave‐modified, freestand lacustrine fan delta.     

An Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel And Its Application To The Reproduction Of The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

An actively controlled wind tunnel equipped with multiple fansand airfoils has been developed, mainly for the purpose of reproducing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for wind engineering applications. Various fluctuating flows can be achieved in this wind tunnel by altering the input data of the fans and airfoils through computer control. In this study, the ABL is physically simulated in this wind tunnel, and particular attention ispaid to the simulation of the profile of Reynolds stress. The method of generating the fluctuating flow and the experimental results of reproducing the ABL are presented. As the results show, the spatial distribution of Reynolds stress is satisfactorily simulated, and the profiles of other statisticalturbulent parameters, such as mean velocity, turbulent intensity, integral scale and power spectrum are successfully reproduced simultaneously.     

黄河冲积扇南翼上部控制区土地分异机制与土地结构

从地理过程分析的角度，讨论了黄河大冲积扇南翼上部控制区土地分异各有关因素的影响机制，指出黄河活动及其后影响是这一地区土地分异的最根本的主导因素，并进一步说明了该区域土地分异表现出的逐级深化的显著规律性以及各有关类型的“梳状”空间组合结构。     

青海省贵南县过马营一带早中三叠世隆务河组沉积特征

青海贵南县过马营一带隆务河组为一套典型的浊流沉积,对此套浊积岩的沉积特征进行研究。通过对过马营一带隆务河组浊积岩的岩石组合特征、地层层序及鲍玛层序特征分析,探讨其沉积环境特征,并与典型浊积扇模式对比,建立沉积模型。综合分析认为,隆务河组由下向上的3个段分别位于浊积扇的外扇、中扇、内扇,其中中扇辫状河道发育。此研究对于西秦岭造山带的沉积环境分析及构造演化具有重要的意义。     

陵水凹陷北坡海底扇孔隙演化和成岩相研究

琼东南盆地陵水凹陷北坡海底扇储层岩性较细,物性较差,并且对其低渗的成因不明、甜点的展布也不清。通过利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞以及物性等资料来分析其孔隙演化,并从成岩相的研究角度来预测其甜点展布。研究结果认为研究区梅山组二段储层孔隙类型主要为原生粒间孔和铸模孔,处在中成岩阶段A期。从沉积因素和成岩作用两个方面总结出了研究区的孔隙演化模式:沉积环境控制了原始孔隙度的大小,后期机械压实是孔隙减小的主要原因,溶解作用对孔隙增大起到了巨大贡献。研究区主要识别和划分出了中等压实长石溶蚀相、中等压实海绿石胶结相和强压实弱溶蚀相3种成岩相,甜点主要分布在水动力较强的海底扇内扇中等压实长石溶蚀相中。     

基于GPR图像的福建海坛岛北部海岸冲积扇沉积构造及其成因的初步研究

福建海坛岛北部海岸发育一座覆盖淡灰黄色风成砂层、相对高度达30 m的大沙山,外貌很像风成大沙丘,但同时又具有冲积扇形态。其成因和沉积环境有待考证,而探明大沙山内部沉积构造是判别其成因的主要途径之一。在野外考察的基础上,运用探地雷达（GPR）对大沙山内部沉积构造进行探测,获得约20 m深度范围内的沉积构造图像数据。结果表明:大沙山中上部发育由棱角状砾石或粗砂细砂组成的沉积旋回和沟槽沉积构造,显示出冲积扇上部的沉积构造组合特点;中下部层面中交替呈现弧形沉积构造,大沙山南侧发育有向南倾斜28°～30°的前积层理。结合大沙山西侧冲沟剖面沉积构造、大沙山表面的棱角状砾石特征以及现代风沙地貌分布规律,初步认为大沙山是山前多期沟谷洪流携带的碎屑物沉积形成的冲积扇残余堆积体,沉积间隙受海岸带风沙活动影响。     

车西洼陷陡坡带沙三下亚段近岸水下扇储层成岩演化及其对储层物性影响

利用岩芯观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光及岩石物性测试等多种资料,本文对济阳坳陷车西洼陷陡坡带沙三下亚段近岸水下扇储层进行了探讨。结果表明,车西洼陷沙三下段近岸水下扇储层岩石类型宏观上主要表现为泥质杂基支撑砾岩、碎屑支撑砾岩、砾质砂岩等沉积,微观上以岩屑砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩为主,灰泥质杂基含量最高可达40%。车西洼陷沙三下段近岸水下扇储层为典型的特低孔、特低渗储层类型,其平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为3.42%、2.02×10-3μm2;但在3 500~4 000 m深度段发育异常高孔带,孔隙度可达10.2%,储集空间多为溶蚀孔和微裂缝。研究区储层经历了复杂的成岩演化过程,目前处于中成岩B期,其成岩演化序列为:压实作用/碳酸盐胶结→长石溶蚀/碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀→石英溶蚀/碳酸盐胶结/灰泥重结晶→石英加大/碳酸盐胶结溶蚀→碳酸盐胶结。不同亚相所经历的成岩演化有所差异,其中中扇辫状水道中远端及中扇前缘经历了多期溶蚀作用,储层物性相对较好,平均孔隙度分别可达4.5%,7.25%,为研究区近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层的“甜点区”。