图割能量驱动的高分辨率遥感影像震害损毁建筑物检测

为充分利用高分辨率遥感影像提供的细节信息,提高震害损毁建筑物检测精度,提出了一种图割框架下融合形状、边缘、角点等多种类型特征的损毁建筑物检测方法。该方法首先利用震前建筑物线划图提取包含单个建筑物的局部影像,用于图割能量函数建模,并分别根据建筑物的位置、形状、边缘以及角点构造能量函数的各约束项。在此基础上,通过最大流/最小割算法求解能量函数最小值,依据最小割能量进行地震前后局部影像中建筑物的相似性度量。最后利用最大期望算法(expectation maximization,EM)求得最小割能量的分类阈值,并根据错分率估值执行后处理以获得最终变化检测结果。采用2011年3月11日东日本大地震前后石卷港的高分辨率遥感影像进行试验,结果表明本文提出的方法能有效检测出损毁建筑物。     

Evaluating the Ability of CRCM5 to Simulate Mixed Precipitation

Precipitation episodes in the form of freezing rain and ice pellets represent natural hazards affecting eastern Canada during the cold season. These types of precipitation mainly occur in the St. Lawrence River valley and the Atlantic provinces of Canada. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5), using a 0.11° horizontal grid mesh, to hindcast mixed precipitation when driven by reanalyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim) for a 35-year period. In general, the CRCM5 simulation slightly overestimates the occurrence of freezing rain, but the geographical distribution is well reproduced. The duration of freezing rain events and accompanying surface winds in the Montréal region are reproduced by CRCM5. A case study is performed for an especially catastrophic freezing-rain event in January 1998; the model succeeds in simulating the intensity and duration of the episode, as well as the propitious meteorological environment. Overall, the model is also able to reproduce the climatology and a specific event of freezing rain and ice pellets.     

数值模式对强台风“菲特”登陆期间预报能力评述

基于自动站观测和ECMWF再分析资料,针对中国气象局上海台风研究所区域高分辨率台风模式(Shanghai Tropical Cyclone High Resolution Analysis and Prediction System,STI-THRAPS)和业务常用的4个数值模式,即欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,EC)全球模式,美国全球预报系统(The Global Forecast System,GFS),日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)全球模式和我国T639(T639L60)全球模式,对1323号台风"菲特"登陆过程的预报性能进行了综合检验评估。结果显示:对暴雨以上的强降水预报STI-THRAPS有明显优势。仅有该模式对超过500 mm的极端降水做出预报,且各项评分均好于全球模式,漏报率也明显优于其他模式。对暴雨以下的降水预报各个模式差距不大。美国GFS和STI-THRAPS较好地预报了大风区,STI-THRAPS预报的风场与实况的空间相关程度最高。从漏报率上来看,STI-THRAPS模式的风场预报具有明显优势。虽然预报最大风速偏大,但是STI-THRAPS在24 h后的路径预报有较大优势。     

城市轨道交通对土地利用变化的时空效应

定量分析轨道交通对城市内部精细土地利用复杂变化影响的时空效应,对于预测未来新建站点对土地利用的影响以及规划方案的调整与优化具有重要的指导意义。本文提出结合历史高分遥感影像与POI数据获取多时间节点精细土地利用信息的方法,并以广州市二号和八号地铁线为例,结合逐步回归模型与站点用地功能分类,从时间和空间两个维度定量研究地铁对土地利用转变的复杂影响过程与空间差异规律。结果表明,轨道交通促使站点周边低密度居住用地向商业用地、高密度居住用地等高效益土地利用方式的转变;轨道交通在规划、建设、运营不同阶段对于周边土地利用的影响呈现显著的差异规律;地铁站点对土地利用变化影响规律具有明显的空间异质性特征,与站点在城市里的位置以及站点周边的土地利用有关,对城市中心区域的影响较小,对郊区的影响主要与可用的非建设用地面积相关,而工业用地对土地利用变化具有限制作用;轨道交通还带来用地功能和性质的转变,这样的转变大多发生在地铁站点开通运营的时间点。     

三肇凹陷葡萄花油层高分辨率层序地层划分及沉积特征研究

应用高分辨率层序地层学理论,通过对各级基准面旋回的沉积动力学分析,依据１０口井岩心和１２５６口井测井资料,把松辽盆地三肇凹陷葡萄花油层划分为１个长期基准面旋回、２个中期基准面旋回、１２个短期基准面旋回,提出了葡萄花油层南部为同沉积构造抬升控制的中部缺失而非底部缺失的层序地层新格架。通过对短期基准面旋回内储层沉积特征、单砂体展布规律的研究,认为葡萄花油层主要储层水下河道砂体比原认识更连续,且延伸较远, 分流平原、内前缘相带南移达３６ｋｍ,这对深入认识该区油藏类型、聚油规律、特别是高含水期剩余油挖潜具有重要意义,对指导整个松辽盆地北部岩性油气藏勘探与开发具有重大影响。     

Optimal Processing of Marine High-Resolution Seismic Reflection (Chirp) Data

Chirp frequency-modulated (FM) systems offer deterministic, repeatable source-signatures for high-resolution, normal incidence marine seismic reflection data acquisition. An optimal processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp data is presented to demonstrate the applicability of some conventional seismic reflection algorithms to high-resolution data sets, and to emphasise the importance of a known source-signature. An improvement of greater than 60dB in the signal- to-noise ratio is realised from correlating the FM reflection data with the transmitted pulse. Interpretability of ringy deconvolved data is enhanced by the calculation of instantaneous amplitudes. The signal-to-noise ratio and lateral reflector continuity are both improved by the application of predictive filters whose effectiveness are aided by the repeatability of the Chirp source.     

公王岭蓝田人时期的季风气候特征

作者用目前在黄上与全球变化研究中使用较多、效果较好的气候代用指标,重建了公王岭蓝田人生活时期高分辨率的气候演变序列。从气候环境变迁的角度,研究了115MaBP的公王岭蓝田人及其伴生动物群与气候环境演化的关系。明确提出,蓝田人及其伴生动物群的死亡与夏季风剧烈衰减和冬季风猛烈增强的气候严重恶化事件有关。这种气候恶化除受与地球轨道变化密切相关的太阳辐射和全球冰量变化的影响外,还与青藏高原的剧烈隆升有关。     

Internal morphology, habit and U-Th-Pb microanalysis of amphibolite-to-granulite facies zircons: geochronology of the Ivrea Zone (Southern Alps)

Several types of growth morphologies and alteration mechanisms of zircon crystals in the high-grade metamorphic Ivrea Zone (IZ) are distinguished and attributed to magmatic, metamorphic and fluid-related events. Anatexis of pelitic metasediments in the IZ produced prograde zircon overgrowths on detrital cores in the restites and new crystallization of magmatic zircons in the associated leucosomes. The primary morphology and Th-U chemistry of the zircon overgrowth in the restites show a systematic variation apparently corresponding to the metamorphic grade: prismatic (prism-blocked) low-Th/U types in the upper amphibolite facies, stubby (fir-tree zoned) medium-Th/U types in the transitional facies and isometric (roundly zoned) high-Th/U types in the granulite facies. The primary crystallization ages of prograde zircons in the restites and magmatic zircons in the leucosomes cannot be resolved from each other, indicating that anatexis in large parts of the IZ was a single and short lived event at 299 ± 5 Ma (95% c. l.). Identical U/Pb ages of magmatic zircons from a metagabbro (293 ± 6 Ma) and a metaperidotite (300 ± 6 Ma) from the Mafic Formation confirm the genetic context of magmatic underplating and granulite facies anatexis in the IZ. The U-Pb age of 299 ± 5 Ma from prograde zircon overgrowths in the metasediments also shows that high-grade metamorphic (anatectic) conditions in the IZ did not start earlier than 20 Ma after the Variscan amphibolite facies metamorphism in the adjacent Strona–Ceneri Zone (SCZ). This makes it clear that the SCZ cannot represent the middle to upper crustal continuation of the IZ. Most parts of zircon crystals that have grown during the granulite facies metamorphism became affected by alteration and Pb-loss. Two types of alteration and Pb-loss mechanisms can be distinguished by cathodoluminescence imaging: zoning-controlled alteration (ZCA) and surface-controlled alteration (SCA). The ZCA is attributed to thermal and/or decompression pulses during extensional unroofing in the Permian, at or earlier than 249 ± 7 Ma. The SCA is attributed to the ingression of fluids at 210 ± 12 Ma, related to hydrothermal activity during the breakup of the Pangaea supercontinent in the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic. Received: 7 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 November 1998     

Application of an optical nitrate profiler to high- and low-turbidity coastal shelf waters

Here, we report the results of high-resolution nitrate measurements using an optical nitrate profiler(in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, ISUS) along transect across a high-turbidity shelf(East China Sea) and a lowturbidity shelf(Chukchi Sea). The ISUS-measured nitrate concentrations closely reproduced the results measured by conventional bottle methods in low-turbidity waters. However, for high-turbidity waters of the East China Sea(salinity<30), a correction factor of 1.19 was required t...     

大比例尺地形图更新问题探讨

近年来,城市发展变化非常快,地形图更新滞后于城市发展,研究城市大比例尺地形图更新问题很有必要。本文阐述了地形图更新的方法,主要有数字摄影测量更新、利用高分辨率遥感影像更新、数字化测图更新以及借助其它项目资料进行更新等方法,并探讨了城市大比例尺地形图更新周期问题。