上海组网边界层风廓线雷达与宝山二次雷达测风数据比较分析

文章利用上海边界层风廓线雷达网中3台分别布设在松江泖港和嘉定F1赛车场的TWP3型风廓线雷达以及嘉定外岗的LAP3000型风廓线雷达,在2010年初冬和2011年盛夏各一个月时段的连续原始测风数据,逐个与上海宝山GFE(L)-1型二次探空雷达在相同时段中的原始测风数据进行了对比分析研究.并且还将同布设在嘉定地区的两台不同型号的风廓线雷达进行了测风数据的互比分析.在基本稳定的天气条件下,嘉定F1赛车场、松江泖港以及嘉定外岗风廓线雷达各自与宝山GFE(L)-1型二次雷达探空测风数据进行对比分析的匹配样本数依次是6733、7350和7013对,其在盛夏时段对比统计的各层风速的平均标准差分别是3.34、3.37和4.03m·s-1,在初冬时段则为3.22、3.22和3.42m·s-1.参与互比分析的F1赛车场TWP3型风廓线雷达和外岗LAP3000型风廓线雷达之间的匹配样本数是71981对,其在盛夏时段互比统计的风速平均标准差是3.63 m·s-1,在初冬时段为4.12 m·s-1.有统计曲线表明,本研究中两台TWP3型风廓线雷达与宝山GFE(L)-1型二次雷达探空测风的误差均为2～4 m·s-1,其比对精度明显优于嘉定外岗的LAP3000型风廓线雷达.文章还提出了风廓线雷达的“有效探测高度”新概念.     

北半球1月和7月纬偏场遥相关结构分析

本文利用1951－1986共36年资料对北半球500hPa1月和7月纬偏场的遥相关结构进行了分析结果表明：冬季纬偏场的遥相关结构与位势高度场的遥相关结构一致，都存在5种呈经向分布的遥相关型。但在夏季，位势高度场中的遥相关现象不明显，纬偏场中却存在4种呈纬向分布的遥相关型。对比纬偏场1月和7月的遥相关结构,发现两者存在明显差异。     

利用扫描式红外亮温仪对天空云量的试验观测

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所中层大气与全球环境探测实验室自主开发研制的全自动扫描式天空红外亮温仪,于2007年4-8月在北京市气象局南郊观象台进行了试验观测.利用获得的天空红外亮温数据和南郊观象台(54511站)实时地面气象数据,进行了天空云量的计算.将整点前30 min内观测的云量的平均值作为与观象台观测对应的整点观测云量,分不同情况与观象台目视观测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:(1)对于中低云,两种观测的云量比较一致,但如果在此期间云消散或增加很快,则差别较大.其主要原因是观测的时间和方式不同所造成的.(2)对于以卷云为主的天空情况,特别是高层薄卷云的情况,两种观测的云量差别较大.原因是受到目前试验所使用的红外传感器低温测量范围的限制(-50℃),以及判定云的阈值算法目前还只对于中低云比较适用,对于卷云的判断能力比较薄弱.(3)对于天空情况比较复杂,以及能见度不好的情况(气象站目视云量记录为10-),两种观测的云量差别也很大.其差别既受到仪器性能的影响,也与观测员视力与经验有关.仪器受到最低测量温度的限制,反演算法也有其不确定性,而观测员在低能见度时的观测局限性亦是一个重要原因.利用SIRIS-1进行云量和云底高度观测的优点是时间分辨率高,且全天时自动化,但对于卷云的判断还较薄弱.     

Case study of cloud physical and chemical processes in low clouds at Mt. Brocken

Frequency distributions of cloud base height and cloud type of low clouds observed between May and October 1998 at Mt. Brocken (Germany) have been derived from ceilometer measurements and synoptic observations. The summit at 1142 m a.s.l. was about 50% of that time in cloud. During daytime, Stratus clouds were the dominant cloud type (65%), whereas Cumulus clouds amounted to 27% and Stratocumulus clouds to 8%. Evidence was found that the increase of the cloud base height observed at Mt. Brocken continues since the end of the 1980s. An example for a clear anticorrelation between the liquid water content (LWC) of the cloud and the height above cloud base is shown. Other results of this detailed case study of a cloud event on October 8, 1998 concerning phase partitioning of water-soluble inorganic compounds, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) between the liquid and the interstitial phase will also be presented. The observed ion-specific increase in the solute mass per cubic meter of air with decrease of the distance between sampling position and cloud base was caused mainly by entrainment of air from the below-cloud layer. As expected, for sulfate, ammonia and nitrate, high scavenging coefficients (>0.8) were found. OC exhibits a high scavenging fraction of between 0.4 and 0.7; the value for black carbon (0.2–0.4) implies that soot was possibly to some extent internally mixed in the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Simultaneous measurements during a cloud event of HNO₂ and HNO₃ in the gas phase and N(III) and N(V) in the liquid phase were made for the first time.     

Predictability of the 500 hPa Height Field

The dimensions of attractors and predictability are estimated from phase space trajectories of observed 500 hPa height over the Northern Hemisphere. As a first estimate the dimensions of attractors are about 11.5 and the doubling time of the initial error is 6 to 7 days for original data. But the former is shorter and the latter is longer for low frequency data set.To verify if the predictability estimated by this method and by general circulation model is identical, the doubling time of the initial error of a model data set by both methods is estimated. It is shown that the predictability obtained from phase space trajectories is overestimated to sufficient small initial error. But it is underestimated to the time being equal to the climatological RMS error.     

Analysis of the simulated climatic characters of the South Asia High with a flexible coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM

The ability of a climate model to reproduce the climatic characters of the South Asia High （SAH） is assessed by analyzing the 110-yr output of a Flexible Coupled GCM, version 0 （FGCM-0）. Comparing the results of FGCM-0 with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the major findings show that FGCM-0 has better results in simulation of the geopotential height field at 100 hPa, and reproduces fairly the main atmospheric circulation centers. However, there are still some differences in the simulated results compared with the reanalysis data. The coupled model also successfully reproduces the mean seasonal variation of the SAH, that is, it moves from the Pacific Ocean to the Asian continent, remaining over the Tibetan Plateau from winter to summer, and then withdraws from the Tibetan Plateau to the Pacific Ocean from summer to winter. However, such observed relationships between the SAH positions and the summer precipitation patterns cannot be fairly reproduced in the FGCM-0.     

半干旱地区卷云特征的激光雷达探测

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站( SACOL) 2007年4～1 1月微脉冲激光雷达(MPL-4 B)观测资料,统计分析了卷云的高度、厚度及其变化特征.采用透过率方法计算了卷云光学厚度,得到了卷云光学厚度与卷云厚度和云底高度的相关关系.结果表明,SACOL卷云出现的平均海拔高度为10.16±1.32 km;卷云厚度...     

MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响

研究新一代中尺度气象模式WRF中两种大气边界层方案(MYJ,YSU)对沈阳冬季大气边界层结构模拟的影响,重点分析温度层结、低层风场、边界层高度等对污染物扩散有重要影响的气象要素.和观测数据的比对表明WRF基本能够模拟出温度风速的日变化特征,但模拟风速偏大.YSU方案由于模拟的边界层顶卷挟和边界层内混合作用较强,夜间接地逆温强度低于MYJ方案,逆温维持时间比MYJ方案短4小时,同时模拟边界层高度也高于MYJ方案,有利于污染物垂直扩散.边界层高度的3种计算方法中,湍流动能方法计算的边界层高度最高,Richardson数方法次之,位温方法得到的高度最低.Richardson数方法对临界值的选取较敏感.     

2018年巢湖风浪特征分析

基于实测数据,利用验证良好的SWAN风浪模型开展了2018年巢湖风浪变化及分布特征研究.巢湖2018年平均有效波高和波周期分别为0.16 m和1.22 s,整体春季风浪大,秋季风浪小.月均最大值出现在4月,分别为0.22 m和1.36 s,月均最小值出现在11月,分别为0.11 m和1.06 s,变化幅度分别为最大值的52%和22%.月均值整体中巢湖最大,东巢湖次之,西巢湖最小.巢湖月最大有效波高和波周期主要出现在东巢湖或中巢湖,各值月间差异显著,最大变化幅度分别为最大值的61%和27%.不同湖区计算的月均有效波高和波周期较大值分布范围所占湖区的比例不同,中巢湖与东巢湖较大,西巢湖最小.不同月份及湖区较大有效波高出现的时间占比是不一致的,9-11月份时间占比较小,将有利于蓝藻水华的出现.     

Increasing free-air 0°C isotherm height in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010

Based on the radiosonde data observed at 14 stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2010, as well as the corresponding surface air temperature, the long-term change of free-air 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China and the relationships between surface air temperature and 0℃ isotherm height are discussed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of 0℃ isotherm height is generally related with latitude, but the huge massif or plateau may complicate the latitude pattern. The two main regimes influencing the spatial patterns of 0℃ isotherm height in Southwest China are latitude and huge massif. The annual 0℃ isotherm height has increased by 35 m per decade in the recent decades, which is statistically significant at the 0.001 level. Generally, the increasing trend can be examined for each seasonal series, especially in winter （53 m per decade）. The diversity of trend magnitudes for annual and seasonal series can also be detected at a spatial view, but generally 0℃ isotherm height correlated well with surface air temperature.