唐山地震的地学研究文献目录及分析

收集整理了国内外地球科学期刊上发表的有关1976年唐山7.8级大地震的学术论文目录,并对此参考文献集进行了分类和简单分析,进而展示唐山大地震发生30年来相关学术研究的进展情况,也谨以此文纪念这一历史性地震事件。     

巢湖快速变化风浪场及其环境效应

浅水湖泊风浪过程对于湖泊生态系统具有重要的意义.基于巢湖风场、风浪和水环境参数同步高频观测结果,详细分析了快速变化风场下的风浪快速变化特征及其对湖泊水环境的影响特征.浅水湖泊风浪的有效波高和平均波周期均随风速的快速变化有较好的同步响应规律.在风速快速衰减阶段,相较有效波高,波周期有更好的稳定性.湖泊水体pH、水温、溶解氧会快速响应风浪的变化,随着风浪强度增强,对水体浊度、总磷浓度以及藻密度和生物量的扰动影响逐渐呈现.强烈的风浪扰动引起水体浊度变化的滞后时间可达3 d.快速变化的风浪场下,风浪的强烈扰动会改变水体固有的理化参数分布特征,扰动藻类常规的水体分布规律,风浪强度是造成差异的主要因子.     

变形监测中几个涉及测距问题的探讨

本文以平面位移监测为背景,阐述了边长前方交会法精度中的一个歧意,介绍了测距气象改正数的补偿计算方法,以及为便于比较各期距离观测值的变化而设计的仪器定高器。该文对高精度测距工作具有一定的参考价值。     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

中国西北地区近50年夏季0 ℃层高度及气温时空变化特征

采用1960-2009 年112 个地面观测站和21 个探空站气象资料,分析中国西北地区近50 年夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温变化趋势。结果表明：西北地区近50 年来夏季0 ℃层高度平均值为4675.7 m,在1987 年以前表现为下降趋势,平均每年下降5.6 m,而1987 年以后表现为显著的上升趋势,平均每年上升2.6 m;夏季平均气温与0 ℃层高度变化趋势大致相同,西北气候显著转型前后表现出相反的变化趋势,且1987 年以来夏季平均气温增加急剧,平均每10 年上升0.53 ℃。1960 年以来夏季0 ℃层高度在北京时间08 时该区大部分地区表现出显著的上升趋势,而在20时大部分地区表现出相反的变化趋势,1987 年以来在08 时和20 时大部分地区夏季0 ℃层高度都为上升趋势;50 年来大部分地区夏季平均气温都表现为上升趋势,乌鲁木齐和秦巴山地则表现为显著的下降趋势。西北不同气候区的夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温变化也有一定的差异。西北地区夏季0 ℃层高度和平均气温具有较好相关性,东部季风区相关性最差,青藏高寒区最好。     

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Using phytogeomorphology, cartography and GIS to explain forest site productivity expressed as tree height in southern and central Finland

Using geomorphological knowledge, spatial data and GIS methods, one can obtain phytogeomorphological site variables describing interactions between landforms and vegetation. We used 15 site variables derived from maps to explain forest site productivity in southern and central Finland expressed as dominant height of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) with ages of 30–110 years. These site variables were grouped into two: Group 1 with seven variables describing geographical conditions of sites including climate, and Group 2 with eight variables describing local morphometric and soil properties. We calculated slope and aspect from a 25 × 25 m DEM. The catchment area, calcium content in soil, length of the growing season, radiation index, sea index, lake index, past highest shoreline and total annual temperature sum with threshold + 5 °C were also obtained. Then we classified the landforms of 688 sample plots into four major types and 15 sub-types. We applied regression analysis to explain the tree height as a function of the tree age and the phytogeomorphological site variables. When the tree height was explained with the tree age and the Group 1 variables, the remaining standard error of the model was 16.6–17.9%. When the Group 2 variables were added to the analysis, the standard error decreased slightly. The most significant variables were the temperature sum, latitude coordinate and length of the growing season. Other significant variables were elevation, slope and aspect. The major landform types, sub-types and watershed area did not explain the tree height. Furthermore, if the forest site types determined in the field were included, the remaining standard error decreased by ca. 2%, showing the importance of field information.     

一种基于Envisat ASAR波模式数据的有效波高反演算法

The main objective of this paper is to propose a newly developed ocean Significant Wave Height(SWH) retrieval method from Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar(ASAR) imagery. A series of wave mode imagery from January, April and May of 2011 are collocated with ERA-Interim reanalysis SWH data. Based on the matched datasets, a simplified empirical relationship between 22 types of SAR imagery parameters and SWH products is developed with the Genetic Algorithms Partial Least-Squares(GA-PLS) model. Two major features of the backscattering coefficient σ_0 and the frequency parameter S_(10) are chosen as the optimal training feature subset of SWH retrieval by using cross validation. In addition, we also present a comparison of the retrieval results of the simplified empirical relationship with the collocated ERA-Interim data. The results show that the assessment index of the correlation coefficient, the bias, the root-mean-square error of cross validation(RMSECV) and the scattering index(SI) are 0.78, 0.07 m, 0.76 m and 0.5, respectively. In addition, the comparison of the retrieved SWH data between our simplifying model and the Jason-2 radar altimeter data is proposed in our study.Moreover, we also make a comparison of the retrieval of SWH data between our developed model and the wellknown CWAVE_ENV model. The results show that satisfying retrieval results are acquired in the low-moderate sea state, but major bias appears in the high sea state, especially for SWH5 m.     

Prediction Of Air-Pollution Episodes

Mathematical models that can properly predict dispersion and transport ofatmospheric pollutants are an essential element in the development of warningand control strategies. Proper forecasts of atmospheric boundary-layer heightand its vertical mean wind speed provide a basis for predictions of air-pollutionconcentrations under meteorological conditions that vary horizontally, vertically,and temporally.A prognostic model is developed to predict the ventilation factor using forecast valuesof meteorological elements normally provided from meteorological agencies, in addition to specifications of terrain. Therefore, the ventilation factor and concentrations of pollutants could be predicted. Subsequent to the dependence of the present method on easily obtainable data, it avoids the non-generality and uncertainty followed from the application of some empirical relations. Even more, the method seems to provide high accuracy in validity tests.     

利用EGM2008位模型计算中国高程基准与大地水准面间的垂直偏差

高程基准面相对于大地水准面的垂直偏差是区域高程基准转换和全球高程基准统一的基础数据。利用最新发布的EGM2008地球重力场模型和中国均匀分布的936个GPS水准点数据计算得出中国青岛大港验潮站的重力位为62 636 852.85±0.07 m2/s2,进而得到中国1985高程基准相对大地水准面的垂直偏差为0.32m。