A conceptual hydrologic model for a forested Carolina bay depressional wetland on the Coastal Plain of South Carolina,USA

This paper describes how climate influences the hydrology of an ephemeral depressional wetland. Surface water and groundwater elevation data were collected for 7 years in a Coastal Plain watershed in South Carolina USA containing depressional wetlands, known as Carolina bays. Rainfall and temperature data were compared with water‐table well and piezometer data in and around one wetland. Using these data a conceptual model was created that describes the hydrology of the system under wet, dry, and drought conditions. The data suggest this wetland operates as a focal point for groundwater recharge under most climate conditions. During years of below‐normal to normal rainfall the hydraulic gradient indicated the potential for groundwater recharge from the depression, whereas during years of above‐normal rainfall, the hydraulic gradient between the adjacent upland, the wetland margin, and the wetland centre showed the potential for groundwater discharge into the wetland. Using high‐resolution water‐level measurements, this groundwater discharge condition was found to hold true even during individual rainfall events, especially under wet antecedent soil conditions. The dynamic nature of the hydrology in this Carolina bay clearly indicates it is not an isolated system as previously believed, and our groundwater data expand upon previous hydrologic investigations at similar sites which do not account for the role of groundwater in estimating the water budget of such systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

胶东半岛南部典型海湾地貌过程对滩涂养殖的响应

应用3S技术和海湾涨/落潮不对称原理,研究了最近40年来胶东半岛南部四个典型潮汐汊道海湾的动力地貌演变,分析了大面积修建养殖池对海湾地貌过程的影响。结果表明,最近30年来4个海湾的海岸地貌类型面积、空间分布格局、地貌类型转换、地貌结构和地貌冲淤状态发生了显著改变。在大面积养殖池被围建以前的1960s年代末到1980s年代初,丁字湾处于涨潮不对称状态但不对称程度增高,乳山湾、五垒岛湾和靖海湾也处于涨潮不对称状态但不对称程度在降低。最近30年来的大面积滩涂养殖池修建,使丁字湾由不断增强的涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态逆转,使五垒岛湾、靖海湾由涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态的转化提前,使乳山湾由涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态的转化延缓。     

Utility of clay Minerals in the Determination of Sedimentary Transport Patterns in the Bay of Cadiz and the Adjoining Continental Shelf (SW-Spain)

The contents and the distribution of clay minerals in modern sediments of the Cadiz bay and the continental shelf have been studied aiming to establish the sedimentary exchange model and the pathways followed by the clay fraction between the bay and the adjoining continental shelf. The most abundant clay minerals in the muddy sediments consist mainly of illite, smectite, interstratified illite-smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. The application of factor analysis method (PCA) to clay minerals data are considered to be useful in the determination of sedimentary transport patterns. The data from clay mineral assemblages, and their distribution map, make possible to establish the fine sediments transport paths in the study area using clay mineral as natural tracers. This model of transport takes in consideration the facies distribution, the supplies sources and the way of fine sediments are incorporated to the marine environment.

Two flows paths have been established: the outflows coming from Cadiz bay and the littoral zones; and the inflows coming from external marine zones of the bay. These flows are controlled by tidal currents and the morphology of the coast. The action of surge and the marine currents, specially the Atlantic Surface Water flow, are also important in the transport of fine sediments coming from sources located to the north of the study zone.     

最近50a来莱州湾西—南部潮流动力演变的数值模拟研究

根据1959、1984、2002年测量的海图,基于二维浅水方程分别构建了3个年份的莱州湾潮流场模型,研究了最近50a来莱州湾西—南部潮流动力演变规律,揭示黄河河口沙嘴形成演变对莱州湾西—南部潮流动力的影响。结果表明,最近50a中在沙嘴外围一直存在弧形高流速带,在弧形高流速带外围又有潮流剪切锋,潮流剪切锋包括内涨外退式和内退外涨式两类。随着河口沙嘴的不断向海延伸,莱州湾西—南海域的等潮位线呈以沙嘴为中心的辐射式格局;弧形高流速带整体向外海移动,其范围和流速也随之不断增大;剪切锋历时变长、间隔时间变短、南北跨度变大;但弧形高流速带和潮流剪切锋始终位于青坨子以北海域。对照同期海岸地貌演变,在弧形高流速带、潮流剪切锋等共同作用下,大部分黄河入海泥沙的输运路径和沉降范围仅限于青坨子以北,导致海岸地貌以此为界呈现显著的差异性演化。     

广东流沙湾近岸和离岸育珠海区养殖环境的调查

2011年2月~2012年1月对广东流沙湾近岸和离岸育珠海区6个航次11个指标进行了调查。结果表明,近岸和离岸育珠海区水温、透明度、盐度和pH周年变化范围相似,水温呈现明显季节性变化,透明度、盐度和pH周年比较稳定,揭示目前流沙湾近岸和离岸育珠海区水流交换较好。近岸和离岸育珠海区叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞密度具有类似的周年变化规律,夏秋季高于冬春季。在4~7月份和9~10月份,近岸海区叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞密度呈现显著递增趋势,而10月份之后,显著递减。2~4月份,以及12月份至次年1月份,叶绿素a值和浮游植物细胞密度均较低。5~11月份,离岸海区叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞密度均显著低于近岸海区。近岸和离岸育珠海区COD含量周年变化范围分别为0.2~0.7 mg/L和0.1~0.8 mg/L,均达到国家一类水质标准。近岸海区和离岸海区无机氮(inorganic nitrogen,IN)含量周年变化范围分别为1.9~8.0μmol/L和3.4~8.7μmol/L,均达到国家第二类水质标准。两个海区IN含量的周年变化趋势与叶绿素a值和浮游植物细胞密度的周年变化趋势相反,冬春季高于夏秋季。无机磷(inorganic phosphorus,IP)在流沙湾近岸和离岸海区含量具有相似的周年变化趋势,其季节性变化与无机氮恰好相反,表现为夏、秋季含量高于冬、春季。6~8月份,近岸海区IP超出国家二类水质标准分别达44.67%、96.33%和210%,离岸海区在相同的月份超出国家二类标准分别达75.67%、86%和230.67%。揭示在夏、秋季节应合理控制贝类养殖密度和流沙湾周边环境的污染。     

Yield trait improvement of bay scallops following complete diallel crosses between different scallop stocks

This study describes the complete diaUel hybridization between newly introduced bay scallop stock （W） from Canada and local commercial stock （D） grown under laboratory conditions, in China. Larval survival and growth during all life stages （larvae, spat, and adult） were compared among hybrid （DW, WD） and purebred （DD, WW） populations. Significant heterosis was detected for survival during the larval stage （〉 1% of the mid-parent values）. The mean heterosis （Hm） varied in growth throughout the life span. More than 50% of the Hm values were positive and negative in the DW and WD groups, respectively. The influence of maternal effects and mating types （intrapopulation vs. interpopulation crosses） on growth for all life stages was not consistent. Larval survival did not differ significantly （P〉0.05） with maternal effect or mating type. In the harvest stage, shell length （SL）, shell height （SH）, shell width （SW）, and total weight （TW） were larger in the hybrid compared with the inbred groups. Positive Hm values were observed in SL （1.5%）, SW （5.8%）, and TW （12.3%）, and were more significant in the DW groups （6.1%, 4.5%, 6.8%, and 27.2%）. These results suggest that hybridization between two geographic populations is a good tool for improving bay scallop growth. However, unstable heterosis between the two populations requires further study.     

Numerical simulation of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in Guangxi coastal bays,China

The increasing riverine pollutants have resulted in nutrient enrichment and deterioration of water quality in the coastal water of Guangxi Province, China. However, the quantitative relationship between nutrient loads and water quality responses, which is crucial for developing eutrophication control strategies, is not well studied. In this study, the riverine fluxes of nutrients were quantified and integrated with nutrient cycling and phytoplankton dynamics by using box models for Guangxi coastal bays. The model concepts and biogeochemical equations were the same; while most model parameters were specific for each bay. The parameters were calibrated with seasonal observations during 2006–2007, and validated with yearly averaged measurements in 2009. The general features of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics were reproduced, and the models were proved feasible under a wide range of bay conditions. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen was depleted during the spring algal bloom in Zhenzhu Bay and Fangcheng Bay with relatively less nutrient inputs. Phosphorus concentration was high in spring, which decreased then due to continuous phytoplankton consumption. Chlorophyll-a concentration reached its annual maximum in summer, but was the minimum in winter. Eutrophication was characterized by both an increase in nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in Lianzhou Bay. Either about 80% reduction of nitrogen or 70% reduction of phosphorus was required to control the algal bloom in Lianzhou Bay. Defects of the models were discussed and suggestions to the environmental protection of Guangxi coastal bays were proposed.     

孟加拉湾冬季风及其与亚洲夏季气候的关系

利用东亚和孟湾近海1000hPa低层风场,定义了一个东亚和孟湾的冬季风指数,通过对比分析发现,孟湾冬季风指数温度场和风场具有显著的气候意义.同时可以看到孟湾和东亚冬季风都具有年际和年代际变化,但其变化特征有较大的不同,东亚冬季风有较明显的15～20年的年代际变化,而孟湾冬季风在最近50年则表现为一致增强的趋势.在此基础上,进一步利用相关分析和合成分析方法分析了孟湾冬季风活动的跨季节影响,研究发现,孟湾冬季风对春、夏季气候有较强的跨季节影响,孟湾冬季风指数与次年夏季中国的降水有较好的对应关系.     

云南大箐锰矿床成矿地质条件综合分析

通过对该矿区含矿地层特征、矿石物质组分、有关元素含量的综合分析,以及中三叠世该区岩相古地理的研究,说明在中三叠世法郎期,随着海平面的快速上升,来自越北古陆和上地幔的含锰热液中的锰质,在海平面进入相对静止状态时,在半封闭的五凤海湾而聚集成矿。     

东营凹陷岩性油藏含油性定量预测

隐蔽油气藏已成为渤海湾盆地油气勘探的重点,其中岩性油气藏更是今后增产稳储的重要目标.近几年的勘探实践表明,岩性圈闭的含油性变化较大,其含油性和充满度大小的估算已成为油田勘探决策、井位部署及油田开发过程中不可缺少的重要技术.在地质统计和层次分析的基础上,找出了控制东营凹陷岩性油藏含油性的主要地质因素,并对其定量化,运用多元线性回归方法建立了东营凹陷各构造区带岩性圈闭充满度的数学预测模型.模型可靠性的验证结果表明,80%的岩性圈闭充满度的理论值与实测值吻合较好,说明此种定量预测的方法是可行的.