江苏秋季霾的年代际变化特征及其影响因素分析

利用1961-2010年江苏地级市气象站资料分析了近50年江苏秋季霾的年代际变化特征,并从气候背景的影响方面探讨其形成变化的特点：少霾期,大气环流以及水汽输送特征都有利于污染物的输送和稀释;而在调整期,气象条件有所调整,但不显著;在显著上升期,气候背景场对霾的发生起到十分积极的作用。另外,1961-2010年大气净化次数显著减少。海温与霾的年代际变化存在密切关系,当霾日数不断上升时,印度洋到南海海域的海温升高,引起低层风场的辐合,并通过类似于Hadley环流形式使得东亚同经度的中纬度地区低层辐散,利于水汽通道转换,进而有利于霾天气的发生。     

Airborne and lidar measurements of aerosol and cloud particles in the troposphere over Alert Canada in April 1986

As a component of the Canadian Arctic Haze Study, held coincident with the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II), vertical profiles of aerosol size distribution (0.17 m), light scattering parameters and cloud particle concentrations were obtained with an instrumented aircraft and ground-based lidar system during April 1986 at Alert. Northwest Territories. Average aerosol number concentrations range from about 200 cm^–3 over the Arctic ice cap to about 100 cm^–3 at 6 km. The aerosol size spectrum is virtually free of giant or coarse aerosol particles, and does not vary significantly with altitude. Most of the aerosol volume is concentrated in the 0.17–0.50 m size range, and the aerosol number concentration is found to be a good surrogate for the SO₄ ⁼ concentration of the Arctic haze aerosol. Comparison of the aircraft and lidar data show that, when iced crystal scattering is excluded, the aerosol light scattering coefficient and the lidar backscattering coefficient are proportional to the Arctic haze aerosol concentration. Ratios of scattering to backscattering, scattering to aerosol number concentration, and backscattering to aerosol number concentration are 15.3 steradians, 1.1×10^–13 m², and 4.8×10^–15 m² sr^–1, respectively. Aerosol scattering coefficients calculated from the measured size distributions using Mie scattering agree well with measured values. The calculations indicate the aerosol absorption optical depth over 6 km to range between 0.011 and 0.018. The presence of small numbers of ice crystals (10–20 crystals 1^–1 measured) increased light scattering by over a factor of ten.     

广州灰霾天气的气候特征分析

根据广州气象观测站1961-2002年观测资料，对广州市灰霾天气的气候特征及其成因进行了分析。结果表明，广州灰霾日数12月最多，6月最少，秋冬两季占全年灰霾日总数的70％以上。年灰霾日数总体呈上升趋势，年灰霾日数变化可分为5个阶段，其中，70年代末期至80年代中期、80年末期至90年代中后期是灰霾的两个急剧上升阶段。灰霾日数年际变化多与大气中的污染物浓度有关，而月、季的分布多受天气形势和气象条件所控制。灰霾能够降低到达地面的太阳总辐射，减少日照时数。     

Aerosol black carbon measurements in the Arctic haze during AGASP-II

During the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program conducted in April 1986, we performed measurements of the optically absorbing carbonaceous component of the ambient aerosol from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft operating between sea level and 10 km altitude. We collected the aerosol of filters that were exposed for several hours; we also operated the aethalometer to measure the concentration of aerosol black carbon in real time. The filter analyses represent averages over the altitude range and time span during which the filter was collecting. The real-time results were sorted by altitude to calculate vertical profiles of black carbon concentration. Values typically ranged from 300 to 500 ng m^–3 at lower altitudes, decreasing gradually to 25 to 100 ng m^–3 at 8–10 km. Strong stratification at lower altitudes was frequently observed. The magnitude of these concentrations suggests that the sources are distant regions of considerable fuel consumption. The presence of this material in the tropospheric column and its probable deposition to the high-albedo surface may result in perturbations of the solar radiation balance. The concentrations measured at the highest altitudes may mean that particulate carbon and accompanying emissions for which it is a tracer are mixing into the stratosphere.     

宁夏雾日和霜日的变化趋势分析

利用1961～2012年宁夏22个气象台站逐日天气现象、能见度、相对湿度资料,采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、最大熵谱分析、突变分析等方法,分析了宁夏各区域雾日数和霾日数的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏雾目数、霾日数均呈南北多、中间少的空间特征,但雾日数南部最多,而霾日数北部最多。近52a来,雾日数除南部山区呈不显著的减少趋势外,其他3个区域均呈增多趋势,而霾日数各区域均呈显著的增多趋势;另外,二者均有明显的阶段性演变特征,1961—1980年为明显偏少阶段,1981～2000年为波动变化阶段,2001年以后为明显偏多阶段;雾日数具有较明显的准7．5a,4．3a周期振荡,霾日数具有较明显的准4．6a、3,0a周期振荡;各区域雾日数与霾日数均未发生突变现象。     

大运会期间深圳重度灰霾天气特征及环流形势

针对第26届大学生运动会将于2011年8月在深圳市举办,利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析深圳8月份重度灰霾天气的分布特征、环流形势,以期为大运会期间天气服务保障提供科学依据。结果表明:8月是深圳一年中霾天气相对较少的月份;8月份深圳霾和重度灰霾天气均呈上升趋势;霾天气造成能见度明显下降,重度灰霾日平均能见度仅4 km,08:00～14:00是重度灰霾最容易出现的时段;大运会期间重度灰霾天气影响概率较低,且持续时间低于6 h;深圳8月份重度灰霾天气主要发生在副热带高压控制、热带气旋型两种不同的环流形势下,其中热带气旋型是8月份造成深圳重度灰霾天气的主要形势。     

1961-2006年湖南省霾现象的变化特征

 利用1961-2006年湖南省97个市（县）地面气象观测资料,分析了霾现象的变化特征,结果表明：20世纪70年代以来,湖南年霾日急剧增多,极值不断被刷新,强度增强,重度霾出现范围增大。统计分析表明：46 a来湖南年平均风速线性减小,年降水日数波动性减少,年平均日最小相对湿度≤70%的日数增多。气候变化、城市化进程加快、大气污染物排放量增加是引起霾出现频率增加的可能原因。     

2018年11月大气环流和天气分析

2018年11月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,环流呈四波型,东亚槽略偏弱。本月,全国平均降水量为24.9 mm,较常年同期偏多32.4%,出现两次较强降水过程。全国平均气温为3.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.2℃,共出现四次冷空气过程,其中两次为全国范围中等强度过程。本月共发生两次雾 霾过程。其中,11月24日至12月3日的过程叠加沙尘影响,是今年秋、冬季以来覆盖范围最广、持续时间最长、污染程度最重的一次过程。     

A vertical sounding of severe haze process in Guangzhou area

We detected a severe haze process in Guangzhou area with lidar and microwave radiometer, performed an inversion to get boundary layer height by wavelet covariance transform, and analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors of boundary layer and visibility from the perspective of dynamical and thermodynamic structures. Our results indicate that the boundary layer height shows significant daily changes, consistent with ground visibility variation. During the cleaning process, the boundary layer height exceeded 1 km; during severe haze, the height was only 500 m. Temperature gradient of 50–100 m, which was 30 h lag, was remarkably correlated with visibility, with the correlation coefficient of 0.77. High layer visibility(255 m) and low layer stability were significantly anticorrelation, and the maximum anticorrelation coefficient was up to-0.76 in cleaning days and-0.49 in haze days. In the related boundary layer meteorological factors, surface ventilation coefficient was linearly correlated with ground visibility, with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.88. The correlation coefficients of boundary layer height, ground wind velocity, relative humidity and ground visibility were 0.76, 0.67, and-0.77, respectively. There was a strong correlation between different meteorological factors. The dominant meteorological factor during this haze process was surface ventilation coefficient. In the area without boundary layer height sounding, ground visibility and wind velocity could be used to estimate boundary layer height.     

STUDY ON THE VISIBILITY REDUCTION CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IN GUANGZHOU AREA

In recent years the pollution of aerosol is getting worse and worse in Guangzhou area. The haze weather mainly occurs from October to April of the following year, resulting in visibility deterioration. From the beginning of the 1980's the visibility dramatically deteriorated, obviously increasing haze weather, in which there are three big fluctuations, respectively showing the periods of pollution of dust, sulphate and dust, fine particle from photochemical process and sulphate and dust accompanying the development of economy. The long-term tendency of visibility caused by fog and light fog does not have the tendency due to human activity or economical development and the variation mainly show the inner interannual and interdecadal variation of climate. The deterioration of visibility has close relation to the fine particles in Guangzhou area, with half of PM10 surpassing the limits set by national second graded standard, meanwhile, all values of PM2.5 rise above the day-mean limits of American national standard, indicating very high fine particle concentration. The ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 is also very high, reaching 62% - 69%, especially higher in dry seasons than in rainy seasons.