“松科二井”用硬岩长寿命钻头的设计与应用

为提高“松科二井”在深井硬岩钻进中的寿命与效率,选用了高性能胎体材料、高强度焊接材料,并采用了合理的钻头结构与水路结构设计,研制的φ216/124 mm金刚石取心钻头在“松科二井”取得了良好的效果,本文介绍了适用于深井硬岩的金刚石钻头的设计及应用效果。     

合肥盆地安参1井前侏罗纪基底地层的孢粉组合特征与时代归属

大别山北缘的安参1井是合肥盆地最深的一口参数井,钻遇前侏罗纪基底地层达千米以上,为一套不含煤层(线)或灰岩以泥岩为主的地层,与周缘华北陆块和大别造山带等构造单元的地层对比困难。因缺少宏观化石记录和明确的定年依据,其时代归属一直存在争议,制约了对这一套特殊地层所反映的地质信息的进一步挖掘。为进一步明确该套特殊地层的地质时代,本项研究对安参1井4160~5152m井段大量岩心和岩屑样品进行了微古化石分析,在其中5块样品中发现了保存良好的孢粉化石647粒,共计23属51种及部分未定种。根据对孢粉化石的类型、属种和含量的分析,将其自下而上划分为两个孢粉化石组合:Ⅰ.Densosporites reynoldburgensisLaevigatosporites perminutus;Ⅱ.Triquitrites-Macrotorispora media。孢粉组合Ⅰ中蕨类植物孢子以平均含量87.67%占绝对优势,代表分子有Laevigatosporites perminutus,Lycospora rotunda,Patellisporites meishanesis等,裸子植物花粉均为单囊粉属Florinites;孢粉组合Ⅱ中,蕨类植物孢子平均含量降低至53.78%,其中蕨类孢子Lycospora rotunda消失,Leiotriletes adnatus,Triquitrites,Crassipora等含量下降,并有特征分子大一头沉孢属Macrotorispora出现,裸子植物花粉含量和丰富度明显增加,以柯达粉属Cordaitina为主。经过与华北其他地区孢粉组合特征的对比分析,上述两个孢粉组合分别与华北陆块晚古生代二叠系太原组和上石盒子组具有明确的相似性,与早期和中晚期华夏植物群面貌相一致,反映了裸子植物逐渐繁盛、属种越来越丰富的过程,孢粉组合Ⅰ和Ⅱ的地质时代分别为晚石炭世晚期至早二叠世早期和晚二叠世,为安参1井前侏罗纪基底存在石炭—二叠系提供了直接证据,也为合肥盆地沉积环境和古气候分析提供了新资料。     

硬土软岩滑坡近水平滑移的离心机模型试验研究

中国西北地区存在大量的新近纪硬土软岩滑坡灾害,为研究该类滑坡的变形特征,开展两组离心机模型试验模拟滑带劣化引起滑坡变形破坏的全过程,获取模型坡体土压及位移的实时变化曲线。研究表明,当软弱带强度降低时,硬土软岩滑坡的上部滑体呈块体状滑动,在快速运动滑动过程中,滑体呈现块状平移,不会彻底解体、液化;硬土软岩滑坡中前部出现水平应力集中,导致下伏滑带塑性流动变形,诱发其中前部上覆滑体的水平运动,并向滑坡后缘扩展,最终形成多级水平滑动。     

超大超深灌注桩施工关键技术研究与应用

以深圳某项目桩基础施工为依托,综合考虑地质特点和施工工艺要求,对超大超深灌注桩在花岗岩地层施工开展了相关研究,并将研究成果应用到实际施工中,有效地解决了该类型桩基础施工中的难点,保证了项目的顺利实施,为后续类似项目提供了参考依据。     

上海东部地区全新世孢粉组合及古植被和古气候

通过对上海东部地区南汇鹤鸣Hm孔、东海Dh1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井全新世地层的孢粉研究,划分出5个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区古植被演替和古气候波动的5个阶段：第1阶段为针阔叶混交林-草地,反映气候温凉略湿（前北方期）;第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干（北方期）;第3阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿（大西洋期）;第4阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干（亚北方期）;第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林-草地,反映气候温暖湿润（亚大西洋期）。这为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候及古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

Method‐dependent influence of environmental variables on reef fish assemblages when comparing trap and video surveys

Despite substantial survey effort and a large body of literature on abiotic and biotic factors in temperate reef ecosystems, knowledge of the complex and interactive effects of environmental variables on those communities is limited. Various survey methods have been developed to study environmental predictors of biodiversity, but there remains a gap in our understanding of how survey results are influenced by environmental factors. Here, we surveyed the fish assemblage associated with southeastern U.S. temperate marine reefs with simultaneous, paired trap, and camera gears throughout a ~50,000 km² area during 2011–2013 and assessed the influence of environmental variables on the trap‐ and video‐surveyed assemblages. Predictor variables in the multivariate general linear models included depth, temperature, month, year, location, substrate relief, percent sessile biota, biota type, and turbidity. Depth and latitude had the greatest influence on the fish assemblage for both gears. The influence of habitat variables differed between methods and percent biota explained more variation in the fish assemblage when assessed by traps, while substrate relief and biota type explained more variation in the fish assemblage when assessed by video. In general, habitat complexity was positively related to the abundance of fishes in the video survey, but there was a negative relationship in the trap survey. Differences between gears were species‐specific and the influences of environmental variables were similar for some species such as Haemulon plumierii and Hyporthodus niveatus. The methods presented here can be used to assess method‐dependent differences in fish assemblages, which is a necessary precursor to assess the effect of environmental variables on the accuracy of surveys.     

Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive: Natural variability associated with the CARLIT method on the rocky shores of the Ligurian Sea (Italy)

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, adopted by the European Community in 2000 with the goal of maintaining and improving the aquatic environments, requires that member states achieve and maintain a good ecological status of all water bodies by 2015. In the marine context, the ecological status has to be quantified applying indexes based on appropriate key biological elements, which allow the categorization of water bodies into five Ecological Status (ES) classes. The CARLIT index is a cartographic monitoring tool enabling the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR) to be calculated using macroalgae in coastal hard bottoms as a key biological element; at present it is being applied in Spain, France and Italy. To detect actual changes of water quality and, consequently, rely on the application of indexes for the assessment of the ecological status in the marine environment, it is necessary to evaluate their sensitivity to natural variability at different temporal and spatial scales. In this study we present a first quantification of natural (spatial and temporal) variability of EQR‐CARLIT quality assessment in 2006 and 2007 along the Ligurian coast (North‐Western Mediterranean, Italy). The EQR‐CARLIT values recorded along the Ligurian coastline show that natural variability of EQR‐CARLIT is low and that it does not affect the attribution of a given stretch of coast to a particular ES class, in agreement with the major human pressures acting in the area (urbanization, river load, sea‐farming). A small‐scale variability was detected, strengthening the use of cartography of the whole rocky shore, whenever possible, or, alternatively, the assessment of the ecological status for long stretches of coast, to encompass the small‐scale variability due to local factors.     

Temporal and cross-shelf distribution of ichthyoplankton in the central Cantabrian Sea

Environmental variables have been measured and sampling for ichthyoplankton has been conducted monthly, since April 2001, at three stations, located at the inner (1), middle (2) and outer (3) shelf of the central Cantabrian Sea. This paper presents the results of the study of the ichthyoplankton collected from July 2001 to June 2004. Fish larvae from 99 species, belonging to 37 families, were identified. Families with higher number of species were Gadidae, Sparidae and Labridae. The larval fish assemblage was dominated by pelagic fish species, with Sardina pilchardus, as the most abundant. There was a pronounced spring peak in larval abundance, dominated by S. pilchardus. A smaller peak, dominated by S. pilchardus and Micromesistius poutassou, was recorded in late winter at Stns 2 and 3. This pattern was evident for the three-year study. Results also indicate that this study was limited to the coastal larval fish assemblage inhabiting the central Cantabrian Sea shelf. This assemblage was temporally structured into other three assemblages: winter, late winter–spring and summer–autumn. Temperature was apparently a key factor in larval fish assemblage succession. In a scenario of global warming, this study constitutes a basis to evaluating the ongoing changes in the pelagic coastal ecosystem of the central Cantabrian Sea.     

Floating and fixed artificial habitats: Spatial and temporal patterns of benthic communities in a coral reef environment

While natural marine habitats with motion capabilities, e.g., kelps and seaweeds, have been studied alongside their associated fouling communities, little is known of the effect of motion on the communities of floating artificial habitats such as buoys, rafts, and pontoons, particularly in tropical systems. Hydrodynamic features greatly differ between floating and fixed artificial substrata, which in turn affect the structure of their associated communities. This study tested the hypothesis that floating and fixed artificial installations in a tropical reef system (Eilat, Red Sea) would support different benthic communities throughout space and time. Specifically, we examined differences in communities recruited onto settlement plates between floating and fixed installations deployed at three different sites, along a two-year monitoring period. The three sites exhibited distinct differences in species assemblages between the monitoring dates (6, 12, 18 and 24 months post deployment), mainly between the first and the last two dates. The average level of dissimilarity between floating and fixed installations increased over time at all sites. Over 50% of the dissimilarity between the floating and fixed installations resulted from five taxonomic groups i.e., bryozoans, bivalves, barnacles, sponges, including the amount of bare space on the settlement plates. The contribution of these groups to the dissimilarity changed both temporally within each site, and spatially among sites. The observed differences were related to the hydrodynamic characteristics of floating and fixed habitats, interacting with biotic features such as predation, successional processes and seasonality; and abiotic features including small-scale spatial changes, light, and position in the water column.