冻融岩石核磁共振检测及冻融损伤机制分析

以花岗岩为岩样在最低冻结温度为-40 ℃、融化温度为20 ℃的条件下对5组岩样开展了冻融循环试验,最高累积冻融循环次数为100次,并采用核磁共振（NMR）技术检测岩样内部损伤变化。试验结果表明,冻融作用会对岩石内部造成损伤,循环次数达到一定值时岩样表面产生明显裂纹;NMR T2谱图和成像结果表明,冻融作用使岩样孔隙结构重新分布,孔隙数量随循环次数增加而增加,产生裂纹后T2曲线信号幅度发生显著变化。最后使用损伤力学原理对花岗岩冻融损伤机制进行探讨,得到材料连续性与孔隙率的损伤关系、有效应力与孔隙率的关系表达式,并以岩样核磁共振结果为基础,得出其有效应力与循环次数的表达式。     

A basic study on the application of LRFD in “the technical standard for port and harbour facilities in Japan”: a case of gravity type quay wall in a persistent design situation

ABSTRACT

The Partial Factor Method (PFM) based on the Level 1 reliability design method was introduced in 2007 to the Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities (TSPHF-2007) in Japan. After nearly 10 years of practical use of TSPHF-2007, the design standard has been revised based on requests from the practitioners who recommend the transition from the PFM to the Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). In this paper, we discuss the setting method of the target failure probability to determine the partial factors based on code calibration. Furthermore, we examine the impacts of implementing the LRFD concept to the TSPHF by taking the sliding and overturning of a gravity type quay wall as an example to represent port and harbour facilities. We found no practical difference in caisson width derived using the LRFD and the PFM, whereas the degree of matching of the target failure probability was somewhat more precise for the PFM. This finding indicates that the LRFD is a more reasonable design method than the PFM in terms of the simplicity of the performance function itself and the ease of engineering interpretation during the design procedure.     

肢体软组织Morel-Lavallee损伤的低场MRI表现

目的：分析肢体软组织Morel—Lavallee损伤的低场MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析临床证实的29例软组织Morel—Lavallee损伤的0．35TMRI资料。结果：29例35个病变,主要累及部位（例数）：膝关节周围（n=12）,盆部及大腿上段（n=i0）,小腿（n=4）,上臂（n=2）及前臂（n=1）。位于皮下深层脂肪与深筋膜之间。病灶（个数,n=35）可呈椭圆形（n=5）、梭形（n=11）或新月形（n=19）,可无包膜（n=21）、有部分包膜（n=i0）或完整包膜（n=4）,部分可见分隔（n=9）。由于病灶内部纤维组织和（或）血液等成分及含量的不同,病灶表现为多种信号特征：急性期及亚急性期病例（n=3）多以血性成分为主（MRI呈T1WI及T2WI高信号为主）,慢性期（n=26）以液性信号为主（MRI呈T1W1低及T2WI高信号为主）。部分病灶内部可见条状、小结节状、条片状脂肪信号影（n=23）,部分可见液液平及脂液平（n=10）。结论：MRI是评价肢体软组织Morel—Lavall6e损伤重要的无创伤检查方法。     

A study of local amplification effect of soil layers on ground motion in the Kathmandu Valley using microtremor analysis

Past researchers have anticipated the occurrence of a great earthquake in the central Himalayas in the near future.This may cause serious damage in the Kathmandu Valley,which sits on an ancient lake be...     

DRAC: Dose Rate and Age Calculator for trapped charge dating

Accurate calculation of the environmental radiation dose rate (Ḋ) is an essential part of trapped charge dating methods, such as luminescence and electron spin resonance dating. Although the calculation of Ḋ is not mathematically complex, the incorporation of multiple variables and the propagation of uncertainties can be challenging. The Dose Rate and Age Calculator (DRAC) is an open access, web-based program which enables rapid Ḋ calculation for trapped charge dating applications. Users can select from recently published attenuation and conversion factors to make mathematically robust, reproducible Ḋ calculations. Comparison of DRAC calculated Ḋ values against the published Ḋ determinations of 422 samples from 32 studies results in a reproducibility ratio of 1.01 ± 0.05. It is anticipated that DRAC will facilitate easier inter-laboratory comparisons and will provide greater transparency for Ḋ calculations. DRAC will be updated to reflect the latest advances in Ḋ calculation and is freely accessible at www.aber.ac.uk/alrl/drac. The code for DRAC is available from github at https://github.com/DRAC-calculator/DRAC-calculator.     

脊柱骨折PKP术中骨水泥灌注量的影像学研究

目的:对单个胸腰椎椎体新鲜压缩骨折经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术(PKP)手术患者影像检查进行分析,探索一种术前通过影像检查预测PKP术中骨水泥最佳灌注量的方法、标准及准确计算方式可行性。方法:收集2013年3月~2014年11月期间42例胸腰椎外伤后单个椎体新鲜压缩骨折并进行PKP手术患者,每例患者在术前不超过1周期间内都进行CT和MRI检查。回复性分析相关患者影像数据,并对每例患者影像资料进行多种后处理,对重建图像进行统计比较。结果:42例发生部位分别为T10椎体2例、5例T11、9例T12、11例L1、7例L2、5例L3和L4椎体3例。42个伤椎平均骨折压缩率为14.3±1.2%,PKP手术骨水泥灌注量为1.6~6.3 m L不等。结论:尝试通过术前CT和MRI检查的后处理预测PKP手术骨水泥最佳灌注量是可行的,能够达到更好的治疗效果,同时避免相关并发症。      

基于核磁共振的脆硬性泥页岩水化损伤演化研究

为研究脆硬性泥页岩水化后细观结构的损伤演化特征,利用核磁共振技术对不同浸泡时间的脆硬性泥页岩试样进行测量,得到不同浸泡时间的试样质量变化、横向弛豫时间T2谱分布以及核磁共振成像。结果表明：水化作用会对岩石内部产生损伤,岩样吸水率在最初的8 h内变化相对较大,1 d后相对接近稳定,之后变化不明显。随着浸泡时间的延长,微裂缝在水化的作用下快速扩展、贯通使岩样表面产生明显裂纹。核磁共振T2谱图和成像结果表明,水化作用使岩样微观结构重新分布,T2曲线信号幅度发生明显的变化,并随着浸泡时间的延长而增加。整个水化损伤分为3个阶段：大尺寸孔隙裂纹发展阶段;小孔隙产生、大尺寸孔隙裂纹加剧扩展;小孔隙加剧产生扩展、大尺寸孔隙裂纹归并贯通至水化破坏阶段。核磁共振图像显示同一块岩样在不同浸泡时间的内部微观结构分布,动态地显示岩石的水化损伤过程。     

Sodium and potassium in the bones of penguin and skua revealed by EPR and SR-XRF technique

Penguin and skua in the maritime Antarctic have high salt loadings in the body due to almost exclusive diet consumption of marine invertebrates. However, the storage and turnover of sodium and potassium in these animals are poorly investigated. Here we determined the concentration and microscopic distribution of the two elements in the bones of penguin and skua. The average concentrations of sodium and potassium in penguin bone were comparable with that in skua bone (0.18% and 0.82% for penguin bone; 0.19% and 0.76% for skua bone in dry weight). The ratios of sodium to calcium and potassium to calcium (0.0330 and 0.0075 for penguin, 0.0335 and 0.0082 for skua in average by weight) were somewhat higher than the reported ratios for terrestrial animals, indicating these marine animals' bone enrichment of salt. The ratios of sodium to potassium in average by weight were 6.75 and 4.65 for penguin and skua, respectively. This value is much lower compared with the bulk sea water ratio of about 27.0, implying that potassium is favorable to reside in the bone rather than sodium. Both sodium and potassium were found to significant correlation with the content of organic materials in bone based upon the intensity of native signal determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was estimated that almost all of potassium is kept within the organic phases, while about 30% of sodium is stored in organic phases and the other 70% within mineral phase. The microscopic distributions of potassium in the cross-section and/or surface were revealed by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) technique. The ratio of potassium to calcium based upon the SR-XRF intensity counter varied considerably from the surface to the interior, and on the surface the highest concentration of potassium was observed in the middle section with decreasing amounts toward the edge. This indirectly documented that exchange of potassium between fluid and bone organic phase maybe occur.     

海洋中波浪下迎浪驳船运动对两矩形驳船间窄缝内水体共振的影响

A three-dimensional time-domain potential flow model is developed and applied to simulate the wave resonance in a gap between two side-by-side rectangular barges. A fourth-order predict-correct method is implemented to update free surface boundary conditions. The response of an up-wave barge is predicted by solving the motion equation with the Newmark-β method. Following the validation of the developed numerical model for wave radiation and diffraction around two side-by-side barges, the influence of up-wave barge motion on the gap surfaceresonance is investigated in two different locations of the up-wave barge relative to the back-wave barge at various frequencies. The results reveal that the freely floating up-wave barge significantly influences the resonance frequency and the resonance wave amplitude. Simultaneously, the up-wave barge located in the middle of the back-wave barge leads to a reduction in the resonance wave amplitude and motion response when compared with other configurations.     

Parametric Resonance Analyses for Spar Platform in Irregular Waves

The parametric instability of a spar platform in irregular waves is analyzed. Parametric resonance is a phenomenon that may occur when a mechanical system parameter varies over time. When it occurs, a spar platform will have excessive pitch motion and may capsize. Therefore, avoiding parametric resonance is an important design requirement. The traditional methodology includes only a prediction of the Mathieu stability with harmonic excitation in regular waves. However, real sea conditions are irregular, and it has been observed that parametric resonance also occurs in non-harmonic excitations. Thus, it is imperative to predict the parametric resonance of a spar platform in irregular waves. A Hill equation is derived in this work, which can be used to analyze the parametric resonance under multi-frequency excitations. The derived Hill equation for predicting the instability of a spar can include non-harmonic excitation and random phases. The stability charts for multi-frequency excitation in irregular waves are given and compared with that for single frequency excitation in regular waves. Simulations of the pitch dynamic responses are carried out to check the stability. Three-dimensional stability charts with various damping coefficients for irregular waves are also investigated. The results show that the stability property in irregular waves has notable differences compared with that in case of regular waves. In addition, using the Hill equation to obtain the stability chart is an effective method to predict the parametric instability of spar platforms. Moreover, some suggestions for designing spar platforms to avoid parametric resonance are presented, such as increasing the damping coefficient, using an appropriate RAO and increasing the metacentric height.