遥感影像面向对象信息提取技术在GIS土地管理中的应用

本文主要研究通过高分辨率遥感影像和eCognition软件,利用面向对象信息提取技术来获取村庄尺度土地利用类型空间数据的技术方法。本项研究中的实验区主要地物包括麦田、旱作物、荒地、苗圃、道路、水体、建设用地和树木等类型。通过设置不同的分割参数并目视判定待识别地类的轮廓分割效果,获取适用于村庄尺度土地利用类型分类的最优分割参数,并通过分类精度对比说明面向对象信息提取相对于传统分类方法的巨大优势。     

基于GIS的广东省综合运输体系规划信息平台构建研究

广东省交通运输厅从2012年起,组织分期研究开发基于地理信息系统的广东省综合运输体系规划信息平台（简称＂平台＂）,旨在建立健全统一的全省交通运输业数据采集、发布标准及技术管理规范,分别构建5大类运输方式线网及重要的运输枢纽站场节点的多级图层,叠加形成全省综合运输体系布局规划＂一张图＂。＂平台＂采用4层设计,依托后台管理、应用分析和综合展示3大子系统,搭建了基础地理信息、经济社会、交通运输现状、综合运输体系规划成果及其他共5大类数据库,＂平台（一期）＂于2014年3月26日通过验收,实现了多维度、多视角展示和查询交通运输业数据成果的预期功能。研究实践将力促综合运输体系规划研究和决策方式实行根本性变革。     

Response of groundwater chemistry to water deliveries in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Northwest China

In this paper, we analysed the monitored data from nine groundwater-monitoring transects in the lower reaches of Tarim River during the five times of stream water deliveries to the river transect where the stream flow ceased. The results showed that the groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River rose from −9.30 m before the conveyances to −8.17 and −6.50 m after the first and second conveyances, −5.81 and −6.00 m after the third and fourth the conveyance, and −4.73 m after the fifth. The horizontal extent of groundwater recharge was gradually enlarged along both sides of the channel of conveyance, i.e., from 250 m in width after the first conveyance to 1,050 m away from the channel after the fourth delivery. With the rising groundwater level, the concentrations of major anions Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater underwent a significant change. The spatial variations in groundwater chemistry indicated that the groundwater chemistry at the transect near Daxihaizi Reservoir changed earlier than that farther from it. In the same transect, the chemical variations were earlier in the monitoring well close to watercourse than that farther away from the stream. In general, the concentration of the major ions and TDS at each monitoring well increased remarkably when the water delivery started, and decreased with the continued water delivery, and then increased once again at the end of the study period. Hence, the whole study period may be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the intermediate stage and the later stage. According to the three stages of groundwater chemistry reaction to water delivery and the relationships between groundwater chemical properties and groundwater depths, we educe that under the situation of water delivery, the optimum groundwater depth in the lower reaches of the Tarim River should be −5 m.     

宁南清水河盆地地下水循环特征与苦咸水成因

本文以宁南清水河断陷盆地为例,研究西北干旱区储水盆地水循环特征与苦咸水成因机制.通过环境同位素特征分析,水化学模拟计算以及水文地质控制因素分析,阐明研究区地下水主要由大气降水补给形成,地表水难以形成持续性补给源;清水河平原地下水从形成上划分为:浅层现代水、深层古水、混合水.现状开采条件下,浅层现代水与深层古水的定量转化关系为山前洪积扇地下水7.6:2.4,平原下游地下水3.2:6.8,平原主要开采区地下水5.2:4.8～6.6:3.4;山前洪积扇和冲积平原浅层地下水循环时间为7～28年,下游平原深层地下水循环时间为300年以上,上游冲积平原中深层地下水,总体上介于以上二者之间.各主要开采区,可更新能力在人工开采条件下明显增强,时间为60～75年;研究区苦咸水主要是地下水溶解了含水层介质中大量的膏盐,矿化度增高所致.     

灾害学定义之下的土壤盐碱化风险评价

为改善灌区中低产地的产量、提高其田间管理及粮食综合生产能力、防止土壤盐碱化灾害的扩展,在土壤盐碱化灾害学研究的基础上,建立了土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价指标体系。选用基于熵权的灰色关联评价方法来构建土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价模型,根据标准自然灾害风险原理,建立土壤盐碱化灾害风险指数计算模型。在松原灌区土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价中的应用表明,灌区各灌片盐碱灾害风险值为0.10～0.36,属于中度风险和重度风险区,风险值由小到大排序为：前郭片、安字片、有字片、龙海片、水字片、大布苏片、潜字片、套浩太片、戎字片、红星片、洪字片。该模型与灌区实情符合较好,客观性较强,表明所建模型可用于土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价。     

Participatory selection process for indicators of rangeland condition in the Kalahari

To develop indicator–based management tools that can facilitate sustainable natural resource management by non–specialists, meaningful participation of stakeholders is essential. A participatory framework is proposed for the identification, evaluation and selection of rangeland condition indicators. This framework is applied to the assessment of rangeland degradation processes and sustainable natural resource management with pastoralists in the southern Kalahari, Botswana. Farmer knowledge focused on vegetation and livestock, with soil, wild animal and socio–economic indicators playing a lesser role. Most were indicators of current rangeland condition; however 'early warning' indicators were also identified by some key informants. This demonstrates that some local knowledge is process–based. Such knowledge could be used to improve indicator–based management tools and extension advice on the livelihood adaptations necessary to prevent or reduce ecological change, capable of threatening livelihood sustainability. There is evidence that social background influences indicator use. Communal farmers rely most heavily on vegetation and livestock indicators, whilst syndicate and land–owning pastoralists cite wild animal and soil–based indicators most frequently. These factors must be considered if indicator–based management tools are to meet the requirements of a diverse community.     

重庆金佛山自然保护区内外地下水化学特征对比研究

利用重庆金佛山自然保护区22个地下水排泄点2005-2009年的水化学监测数据,对比了保护区内、外水化学特征差异及影响因素。结果表明:保护区外地下水的pH值较保护区内的要低,但电导率则较高;自然保护区外地下水的Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Cl-、NO-3、SO42-、HCO3-浓度中值比自然保护区内的分别高27.78mg/L、3.23mg/L、3.47mg/L、0.97mg/L、2.38mg/L、9.29mg/L、15.06mg/L、42.03mg/L;保护区内白云岩地下水的Mg2+/Ca2+(摩尔比)为0.76~1.33,明显比保护区外灰岩、碎屑岩区的高,但保护区外灰岩地下水的Mg2+/Ca2+(摩尔比)较保护区内灰岩区的更高。岩溶地下水系统地球化学的敏感性以Ca2+、HCO3-、NO3-较为敏感,保护区内地下水的平均敏感指数(GSI)GSICa2+为0.097,GSIHCO3-为0.125,GSINO3-为0.008;保护区外地下水的GSICa2+为0.415,GSIHCO3-为0.334,GSINO3-为0.648。护区内所有取样点水质均为I或Ⅱ类;而保护区外地下水因受农业施肥、工业生活污水影响,1、16、19号泉的NO3-浓度偏高,为Ⅴ类,其余为Ⅲ类。总体上,保护区内水质明显优于保护区外,可见设立自然保护区对于保护岩溶水具有积极意义。      

城市深基坑工程地下水位监测问题的研究

简要论述了城市深基坑工程地下水监测的重要性,介绍了目前城市深基坑工程地下水位监测中存在的主要问题：对地下水位监测不重视、监测孔设计及施工不合理等。并借鉴和引用水利、地质等部门的规范,对水位监测孔质量检验提出一些建议。对规范城市深基坑工程地下水位监测具有重大的意义。     

Use of deuterated water as a conservative artificial groundwater tracer

Conservative tracers are necessary to obtain groundwater transport velocities at the field scale. Deuterated water is an effective tracer for this purpose due to its similarity to water, chemical stability, non-reactivity, ease of handling and sampling, relatively neutral buoyancy, and reasonable price. Reliable detection limits of 0.1 mg deuterium/L may be obtained in field tests. A field example is presented in which deuterated water, bromide, and pentafluorobenzoic acid are used as groundwater tracers. Deuterated water appeared to be transported conservatively, producing almost identical breakthrough curves as that of other soluble tracers. Electronic Publication     

关于虚拟地理环境研究的几点思考

该文主要回答了目前被频繁问及的有关虚拟地理环境的几个问题。重点阐述了虚拟地理环境的概念、发展现状及其基本理论、方法、关键技术与应用,以及与传统地理信息系统的区别。指出虚拟地理环境是在空间数据库和地理模型管理基础上构建的、同时表达地理静态和模拟动态现象的、面向多用户的分布式协同虚拟环境。因此,虚拟地理环境突破地理信息系统以数据共享为核心的框架,走向以数据库和模型库为双核心的知识共享平台,进而形成一个新知识的生成环境。