基于GIS的近30年长江口及其邻近海域赤潮时空分布特征研究

收集了1990年—2019年长江口及其邻近海域(120°30'E～123°30'E,29°00'N～32°30'N)记载的赤潮事件,基于GIS软件对所有赤潮事件进行整理,分析了赤潮的时空分布规律,并绘制长江口及邻近海域赤潮分布图.结果表明:近30年来,长江口及其邻近海域赤潮经历了先升高后下降的过程,赤潮次数共计144次,赤潮面积>1000 km2有28次.赤潮发生核心区集中在长江口外、花鸟山-嵊泗列岛、岱山岛-中街山列岛、舟山岛-朱家尖岛海域;长江口及邻近海域赤潮多发期为5—8月,5、6、7、8月发生的赤潮次数分别占总数的28.37％、34.75％、17.78和9.29％;东海原甲藻(Prorocenrum donghaiense)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)是长江口及其邻近海域最常见赤潮肇事种,发生次数分别为55次和40次,占统计总次数的38.19％和27.78％,2000年以来,东海原甲藻赤潮发生频率呈上升态势.     

西南黄海M2分潮的数值模拟

本文采用普林斯顿大学海洋模式(POM)结合中国海军司令部发布的海图地形资料, 对西南黄海M2分潮进行了三维数值模拟。利用近岸4个验潮站水位资料和一组2008年夏季鲁南海槽中30m水深处潜标测流资料, 对模拟的潮汐和潮流结果进行了对比。模式模拟的M2分潮振幅与青岛、石臼所和吕泗这三个验潮站的实测资料符合良好; 但与连云港验潮站的实测振幅相比, 模拟振幅明显偏小, 推断主要原因是连云港港口实际水深值与海图地形中的水深值相差较大, 造成模拟结果的偏差。模拟的潮流结果与潜标测流资料在上层和中层较接近, 模拟的近底层潮流结构与实测资料相比存在较大偏差, 推断是由于模式的垂直混合系数误差造成的。使用该模式研究了西南黄海M2分潮对模式地形的敏感性, 发现采用海图地形数据和ETOPO5地形数据所模拟的西南黄海潮汐和潮流有显著不同。使用较平滑的ETOPO5地形数据所模拟的结果中, 西南黄海近岸海区M2分潮振幅偏小、相位偏大、潮流偏弱。研究表明, 鲁南海槽的存在增大了海州湾的潮汐振幅, 苏北浅滩对向南传播的潮波起到了阻挡作用。以上两个西南黄海近岸海区地形的重要特征在ETOPO5地形数据中没有被体现出来, 因此造成模拟误差。     

Vertical Land Motion in the Mediterranean Sea from Altimetry and Tide Gauge Stations

We have computed estimates of the rate of vertical land motion in the Mediterranean Sea from differences of sea level heights measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimeter and by a set of tide gauge stations. The comparison of data at 16 tide gauges, using both hourly data from local datasets and monthly data from the PSMSL dataset, shows a general agreement, significant differences are found at only one location. Differences of near-simultaneous, monthly and deseasoned monthly sea level height time-series have been considered in order to reduce the error in the estimated linear-term. In a subset of 23 tide gauge stations the mean accuracy of the estimated vertical rates is 2.3 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Results for various stations are in agreement with estimates of vertical land motion from geodetic methods. A comparison with vertical motion estimated by GPS at four locations shows a mean difference of ?0.04 ± 1.8 mm/yr, however the length of the GPS time-series and the number of locations are too small to draw general conclusions.     

Absolute Calibration of the Jason-1 Altimeter Using UK Tide Gauges

This article describes an “absolute” calibration of Jason-1 (J-1) altimeter sea surface height bias using a method developed for TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) bias determination reported previously. The method makes use of U.K. tide gauges equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure sea surface heights at the same time, and in the same geocentric reference frame, as Jason-1 altimetric heights recorded in the nearby ocean. The main time-dependent components of the observed altimeter-minus-gauge height-difference time series are due to the slightly different ocean tides at the gauge and in the ocean. The main harmonic coefficients of the tide differences are calculated from analysis of the copious TOPEX data set and then applied to the determination of T, P, and J-1 bias in turn. Datum connections between the tide gauge and altimetric sea surface heights are made by means of precise, local geoid differences from the EGG97 model. By these means, we have estimated Jason-1 altimeter bias determined from Geophysical Data Record (GDR) data for cycles 1–61 to be 12.9 cm, with an accuracy estimated to be approximately 3 cm on the basis of our earlier work. This J-1 bias value is in close agreement with those determined by other groups, which provides a further confirmation of the validity of our method and of its potential for application in other parts of the world where suitable tide gauge, GPS, and geoid information exist.     

GNSS-Based Sea Level Monitoring

This paper attempts to assess the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) as an accurate, reliable, and easy tool for sea level measurement. The GNSS technique was incorporated into a float based tide gauge system. A prototype of such an instrument was developed based on principles of conventional tide gauges, where high frequency noise is reduced mechanically. The ability of the GNSS based tide gauge (GTG) to monitor sea levels was tested in several experiments. The performance of the GTG was compared to that of a traditional tide gauge. The method of data analysis and data comparison between the GPS measurements and the tide gauge data is presented. The results show that the GTG is equal in performance to the traditional float operated tide gauge. It seems that the GTG is capable of delivering the same level of accuracy (1 cm), and its results are as reliable as its competitor, the traditional float tide gauge. The suggested instrument can be easily integrated into the array of permanent GNSS stations and assist in absolute measurements of sea level changes, caused by global warming and the greenhouse effect, for example.     

Geodetic determination of the surface topography of the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea Level Project is an international scientific observation program to unify the vertical datums of the countries of the Baltic Sea with GPS measurements. In total, 35 tide gauges on shores and islands of the Baltic were occupied with GPS in 1993. After computing a new gravimetric geoid over the Baltic Sea, it was possible to unify the datums as well as to calculate the orthometric heights and the sea surface topography values for the tide gauge stations. The results obtained are shown.     

垂直分辨率对长江口海域M2分潮模拟的影响

基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)模式建立了长江口及其邻近海域的三维水动力学模型, 研究模型的垂直分辨率对该海域M₂分潮模拟的影响。结果表明:垂直分辨率的变化对M₂分潮传播方向的模拟结果影响较小, 但其可通过底摩擦和湍流耗散两个计算过程来影响潮能通量的模拟结果, 最终对长江口和杭州湾内的M₂分潮振幅产生显著的影响。最底层厚度较大时, 上层自由水体的高流速特征在最底层过于明显, 进而导致计算的底摩擦应力偏高, 此时提高底层的垂直分辨率会降低底摩擦对能量的耗散。另一方面, 垂直湍流混合作用会随垂直分辨率的增加而增强, 所以垂直分辨率增加到一定程度后, 上层自由水体的高流速会经由增强的湍流混合而更多的传入底层, 使计算的底摩擦应力随垂直分辨率的提高而有重新增加的趋势, 进而又增强底摩擦对潮能的耗散。     

无人船近海水深测量与抗风浪能力评估北大核心CSCD

传统载人测量船吃水深,无法进行浅海水深测量,因此吃水极浅的无人船为近海水深测量提供了新途径。本文利用无人船无验潮测深与GNSS网络RTK技术,在不同的风浪条件下进行了近海水深测量试验;并从轨迹跟踪与水深测量精度方面,定量评估了无人船野外作业的抗风浪能力。结果表明:0~0.3 m浪、0~2级风是无人船近海测量作业的理想风浪阈值;风浪过大会导致无人船路径跟踪精度较低,难以保证测量成果质量。在理想的风浪阈值内,无人船无验潮测深技术能实现近海水深的高精度测量,满足相关测深规范要求,在近海水深与海底地形测量中具有广阔的应用前景。     

我国近海1992-2006年海平面变化的小波分析

用14年多的多颗测高卫星同化海面异常数据,分析我国近海海平面信号变化特征,结果显示年周期信号在我国海域海平面变化中占有主导地位。其次,半年周期信号在南海也有较强显示,而黄海和东海则表示为高频信号,半年起伏及高频信号的周期和振幅均不稳定。首次在南海和东海海域发现存在一周期为准540 d的信号,其物理机制尚不明确。用标准Morlet小波变换方法对上述周期信号进行了提取。验潮站数据也证实了该信号的存在。海面异常分析结果显示在1993~2007年期间,我国海平面平均升高速率:黄海为(4.01±0.49)mm/a,东海为(4.61±0.35)mm/a,南海为(3.68±0.41)mm/a。海平面上升趋势地理分布结果显示海平面变化具有很大的空间差异性。     

关于深水环境下内波、内潮汐沉积分类的探讨

深水环境下内波、内潮汐沉积从在地层记录中被发现已过去20年,在这20多年里虽然积累了不少资料,但至今未对内波、内潮汐沉积进行细分。本文以地层记录中已发现的内波、内潮汐沉积为基础,结合内波、内潮汐的破碎过程和海洋物理学中内波的研究现状,对深水内波、内潮汐沉积的分类进行了探索。将其分为3个层次下的9种类型,分别为：正压内潮汐沉积、斜压内潮汐沉积、正压短周期内波沉积、斜压短周期内波沉积、等深流叠加内波沉积、低密度浊流叠加内波沉积、长周期内波叠加沉积、驻波沉积和其他内波叠加沉积。地层记录中已发现的内波、内潮汐沉积分别归为：正压内潮汐沉积、正压短周期内波沉积和长周期内波叠加沉积3类,其余类型尚未被发现。这样的分类较合理地解释了为什么在现代海洋中内波、内潮汐无处不在,但地层记录中的内波、内潮汐沉积却少得可怜的现象,同时将内波、内潮汐沉积研究和海洋物理学中对内波的研究结合起来,并能将内波、内潮汐沉积研究置于更为广阔的研究背景之中,使之可以和大洋突发事件、天文旋回及大洋环流等联系起来。