应用MODIS数据对新疆北部大雾地面能见度和微物理参数的反演

大雾区域地面能见度、垂直总水汽含量、雾滴有效半径等因子是对大雾进行有效监测的重要参数。以MOD IS探测器的卫星遥感数据资料为主要数据源,定量反演了这些大雾参数。能见度参数反演结果和气象地面观测能见度信息数据的对比表明其效果良好。所得垂直总水汽含量、雾滴有效半径也与以前国内外相关多年研究的结果趋势一致。此方法在这里成功的应用,说明其在遥感大雾监测中的潜在应用价值。     

Predicting ordinary kriging errors caused by surface roughness and dissectivity

The magnitude of kriging errors varies in accordance with the surface properties. The purpose of this paper is to determine the association of ordinary kriging (OK) estimated errors with the local variability of surface roughness, and to analyse the suitability of probabilistic models for predicting the magnitude of OK errors from surface parameters. This task includes determining the terrain parameters in order to explain the variation in the magnitude of OK errors. The results of this research indicate that the higher order regression models, with complex interaction terms, were able to explain 95 per cent of the variation in the OK error magnitude using the least number of predictors. In addition, the results underscore the importance of the role of the local diversity of relief properties in increasing or decreasing the magnitude of interpolation errors. The newly developed dissectivity parameters provide useful information for terrain analysis. Our study also provides constructive guides to understanding the local variation of interpolation errors and their dependence on surface dissectivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empirical models for estimating liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement

Existing empirical models for estimating liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement (D_LL) have been derived from a dataset poorly distributed with respect to earthquake magnitude and source distance, and also produced from different tectonic source types and faulting mechanisms. Both the poor distribution and mixed tectonic source types and faulting mechanisms of the data have an adverse impact on the reliability of the empirical models. To overcome these problems in the development of empirical models, we replace the direct use of magnitude and source distance with pseudo-displacement derived from spectral acceleration attenuation models that are well supported by earthquake data, and use a modification factor to account for effects of the non-linear soil response. Attenuation models derived from very large and reasonably well-balanced datasets have been selected, one being a Japanese attenuation model and other being a combination of the Sadigh et al. model and the Youngs et al. model. These models are capable of accounting for the effects of earthquake tectonic source type and faulting mechanism. We determined the model coefficients by selecting the pseudo-displacements calculated for a number of spectral periods to achieve an unbiased distribution of residuals with respect to earthquake magnitude and source distance. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out based on the new and existing models, and show that the new model is more robust than the existing models. Comparison with a limited number of data from the 1997 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake suggests our model provides comparable liquefaction-induced lateral displacement D_LL estimates.     

Preliminary magnetic studies of lagoon and stream sediments from Chascomús Area (Argentina)—magnetic parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution and some results of using an experimental method to separate magnetic phases

Magnetic properties of lagoon and stream sediments from Chascomús area (Buenos Aires Province) and the relevance of various magnetic parameters as giving pollution status are studied in the present work. This work is focussed on magnetic parameters, such as concentration-dependent (magnetic susceptibility, saturation anhysteric and isothermal remanent magnetisation) and feature-dependent parameters (S-ratio, coercivity of remanence, anhysteric susceptibility/magnetic susceptibility-ratio), as pollution indicators. Firstly and most importantly, different magnetic parameters and chemical measurements were correlated in order to investigate their goodness, obtaining the best results for feature-dependent magnetic parameters. Coercivity of remanence correlate very well with chemical variables, showing correlations at high level of significance up to 0.9094, and the anhysteric susceptibility/magnetic susceptibility-ratio also shows very good correlations (up to 0.8376). Some results and advantages of using a new experimental method in order to discriminate hard and soft magnetic phases are also shown. This method uses alternately backfield isothermal remanent magnetisation and alternating field demagnetisation. From the experimental separation, the presence of hard magnetic phases in some samples was confirmed.     

1999年9月21日台湾集集地震的震源参数综合判定

本文利用半经验、半理论的方法对世界各主要地震汇集和研究机构所给出的集集主震基本震源参数进行了综合计算和评定。根据这些参数重新计算了集集主震的标量地震矩、破裂面积、应力降等。根据这些参数之间的内在联系,从地震分类学的角度,判定集集地震是发生于板块边缘的大地震。可供研究台湾岛上地震活动性以及台湾地区板块构造演化问题参考。     

2001 August earthquake swarm at Shadwan Island, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The earthquake swarm that struck Shadwan Island at the entrance of the Gulf of Suez in 2001 August included 408 events. Almost all of these events (94 per cent) were microearthquakes and only 6 per cent had small measurable magnitudes  (5.0 > M _L≥ 3.0)  . Most of the earthquakes were weak and followed each other so closely in time that they could not be identified at more distant stations. The fault plane solutions of the strongest events of the swarm show almost identical focal mechanisms, predominately normal faulting with a significant sinistral strike-slip component for nodal planes trending NW–SE. A comparison with the mechanisms of the 1969 and 1972 events which took place 20 km north of the swarm epicentral region shows similarities in faulting type and orientation of nodal planes. The azimuths of T -axes determined from focal mechanisms in this study are oriented in the NNE–SSW direction. This direction is consistent with the present-day stress field derived from borehole breakouts in the southern Gulf of Suez and the last phase of stress field changes in the Late Pleistocene, as well as with recent GPS results.
The source parameters of the largest  ( M _L≥ 3.0)  events of the 2001 August Shadwan swarm have been estimated from the P -wave spectra of the Egyptian National Seismograph Network (ENSN). Averaging of the values obtained at different stations shows relatively similar source parameters, including a fault length of  0.65 ≤ L ≤ 2 km  , a seismic moment of  7.1 × 10¹²≤ Mo ≤ 3.0 × 10¹⁴ N m  and a stress drop of  0.4 ≤Δσ≤ 10  bar.     

Common-ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing for S waves in a smooth elastic anisotropic medium

Anisotropic common S-wave rays are traced using the averaged Hamiltonian of both S-wave polarizations. They represent very practical reference rays for calculating S waves by means of the coupling ray theory. They eliminate problems with anisotropic-ray-theory ray tracing through some S-wave slowness-surface singularities and also considerably simplify the numerical algorithm of the coupling ray theory for S waves. The equations required for anisotropic-common-ray tracing for S waves in a smooth elastic anisotropic medium, and for corresponding dynamic ray tracing in Cartesian or ray-centred coordinates, are presented. The equations, for the most part generally known, are summarized in a form which represents a complete algorithm suitable for coding and numerical applications.     

由地震活动参数分析龙门山-岷山断裂带的现今活动习性与强震危险性

根据最近28年的区域台网地震资料,利用b值空间分布及断裂带分段的多地震活动参数值的组合方法,结合历史强震背景,分析了沿川北龙门山-岷山断裂带不同断裂段的现今活动习性,并初步判别出了潜在的强震危险段落。研究结果表明:龙门山断裂带中-南段存在6个具有不同现今活动习性的段落,其中,绵竹-茂县段处于相对高应力背景下的频繁中-小震活动状态,被认为是龙门山断裂带上未来最可能发生强震的地段;江油-平武段处于相对高应力背景下的稀疏中-小震活动状态,未来有可能发生中强地震。而岷山断裂带中的岷江断裂段和虎牙断裂段,以及叠溪隐伏逆断层地区均具有相对偏低的应力水平,可能与其不久前分别发生过大地震和强震有关,未来不太长的时期内复发大地震的可能性较小。     

场地地震安全性评价中确定设计地震动参数若干问题研究

本文研究确定设计地震动参数中涉及的若干问题,其中包括基岩水平加速度反应谱衰减关系的选择、震源深度对基岩水平加速度峰值及基岩反应谱曲线的影响、强度包络线函数及输入随机相位的选择、土体非线性特性参数和土层剪切波速值的选择、设计地震动反应谱的标定等问题。本文基于一个典型场地计算剖面,采用一维等效线性化模型并通过逐项变换某些研究参数的方法,研究了各种因素对设计地震动参数可能产生的影响及存在的误差和相应的规律。     

场地地震安全性评价中确定设计地震动参数方面若干问题的研究

研究了确定设计地震动参数中涉及的若干问题,其中包括基岩水平加速度反应谱衰减关系的选择、震源深度对基岩水平加速度峰值及基岩反应谱曲线的影响、强度包络线函数及输入随机相位的选择、土体非线性特性参数和土层剪切波速值的选择、设计地震动反应谱的标定等问题。在有关方面的研究中基于一个典型场地计算剖面,采用一维等效线性化模型并通过逐项变换某些研究参数的方法,研究了有关方面对设计地震动参数可能产生的影响及存在的误差和相应的规律,有关研究结果对合理确定设计地震动参数具有一定的实用价值。