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101.
A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free‐falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of 1 m × 1 m, the expected number of received free‐falling raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re‐detachment amount. The re‐detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free‐falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re‐detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0·15% and 2·6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil‐splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
102.
The study developed an integrated reflectance model combining radiative transfer and geometric optical properties in order to inverse leaf area index (LAI) of semiarid natural grasslands. In order to better link remote sensing information with land plants, and facilitate regional and global climate change studies, the model introduced a simple but important geometrical similarity parameter related to plant crown shapes. The model revealed the influences of different plant crown shapes (such as spherical, cylindrical/cuboidal and conic crowns) on leaf/branch angle distribution frequencies, shadow ground coverage, shadowed or sunlit background fractions, canopy reflectance, and scene reflectance. The modeled reflectance data agreed with the measured ones in the three Leymus chinensis steppes with different degradation degrees, which validated the reflectance model. The lower the degradation degree was, the better the modeled data agreed with the measured data. After this reflectance model was coupled with the optimization inversion method, LAI over the entire study region was estimated once every eight days using the eight-day products of surface reflectance obtained by multi-spectral Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the growing seasons in 2002. The temporal and spatial patterns of inversed LAI for the steppes with different cover degrees, swamps, flood plains, and croplands agreed with the general laws and measurements very well. But for unused land cover types (sands, saline, and barren lands) and forestlands, totally accounting for about 10% of the study region, the reasonable LAI values were not derived by inversing, requiring further revising of the model or the development of a new model for them. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30500076), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714407), and the President Foundation of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. YZJJ200205)  相似文献   
103.
Engineering vibration monitoring by GPS: long duration records   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Monitoring the performance of any structure requires real-time measurements of the change of position of critical points.Different techniques can be used for this purpose,each one offering advantages and disadvantages.The technique based on satellite positioning systems(GPS,GLONASS and the future GALILEO)seems to be very promising at least for long period structures.The GPS in particular provides sampling rates that are able to track dynamic displacements with high accuracy.Its service ability is indepen...  相似文献   
104.
王河锦  徐庆生 《地质论评》2000,46(6):588-593
根据实验结果,衍射峰半高宽随接收狭缝增大而呈二次工线线性增大。扫描速度与扫描步长的确定应遵守Wang(1994)提出的关系式,并确定在相对误差小于〈5%的范围内。固定样品条件,选定最优实验条件下使用国际标样标定系统偏差是伊利石结晶测量中必不可少的重要步骤。不固定样品条件和实验条件,同一样品的伊利石工值将因条件的变化而不同;固定样品和实验条件而不使用国际标样标定系统偏差,则无法与他人数据进行对比,其  相似文献   
105.
Highway route layout design typically relies on aerial photographs, topographic maps and geologic maps. In this paper, a GIS platform, which incorporates the main digital data needed for evaluating route layouts, is used in a computer-based approach for highway layout assessment. Possible layouts are evaluated based on two sets of criteria. First, traditional evaluation criteria focussing on geometric design factors and impact on man-made features are considered. Next, the developed assessment framework builds on the GIS platform to generate specific environmental and geotechnical criteria for route layout evaluation. The developed approach integrates highway design, slope stability, and traffic noise modeling packages and specifically written codes with the GIS packages ARC/INFO and ArcView. A prototypical application of the assessment framework for a proposed highway south of the city of Beirut, Lebanon is presented. The results demonstrate the potential of the developed approach in incorporating new evaluation criteria at the route layout design stage and in automating the route layout assessment procedure.  相似文献   
106.
伸展区域平衡剖面法及其在构造分析中的应用   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
从伸展构造样式出发,针对不同的地质模型提出了不同的数学模型作为平衡剖面恢复实现的基础。“多米诺”骨牌模型采用刚体平移,旋转实现恢复,伸展断层转折褶皱模型采用剪切法恢复,也有用等岩层长度法作构造恢复。通过淮阜凹陷实际地质剖面的恢复,数学模型以正演,反演两种角度便捷的实现构造平衡,恢复控凹断层发育期次,通过各期伸展量和伸展速率的计算定量分析的盆地构造。  相似文献   
107.
一种新的可靠度计算方法及其在工程中的应用   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9  
胡强  刘宁  李锦辉 《岩土力学》2004,25(4):632-636
利用神经网络拟合极限状态方程、几何法计算结构可靠度,并推导了基于神经网络的几何法计算公式。最后比较了该法与其他可靠度计算方法的精度以及计算效率,并将该法应用于实际工程当中。  相似文献   
108.
通过室外试验的方法绘制相对加速度的二维等值线图,并依据桩周土体的振动情况进行区域划分,进一步研究单桩几何尺寸变化时其周围土体振动区域的变化情况.结果表明:单桩桩前、桩两侧存在振动加强区,桩前的振动加强现象更强,以桩角处尤为明显;当桩长与波长的比值在0.109~0.840时,隔振区、反射区的面积增长幅度较大,而绕射区的面...  相似文献   
109.
浅谈基于ERDAS IMAGINE软件的几何精纠正方法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着遥感技术日新月异的发展,它在各个领域的应用已经越来越广泛。目前市场上遥感软件的种类很多,比较具有代表性的软件为美国ERDAS公司开发的遥感图像处理系统。遥感图像的几何精纠正是遥感图像分类、专题制图的基础,也是遥感应用研究的基础。本文正是基于ERDAS IMAGINE软件浅谈遥感影像的几何精纠正方法。  相似文献   
110.
为了鉴定陆地卫星5号系统纠正TM图像产品的精度,我们以1:5万地形图为基准,对四景TM图像作了精度分析。结果表明,系统纠正后的TM图像产品,内部几何精度相当好,有较小的旋转、比例误差。采用一阶多项式即可建立TM图像和地形图之间的几何关系,其误差为1个像元左右。TM图像的大地绝对误差,可通过将整个TM图像沿x,y方向平移的方法来加以校正。  相似文献   
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