Genetic parameter estimation for juvenile growth and upper thermal tolerance in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus)

Twenty-six half-sib groups(53 full-sib families) of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, were obtained by artificial insemination. We measured growth in the offspring(40–50 individuals/family) and subjected them to a thermal tolerance challenge over a period of 34 d. There was no significant difference in daily mortality(range: 0.580%–1.391%) between Days 1–13 during the thermal tolerance challenge. However, daily cumulative mortality increased rapidly between Days 14 and 29, especially on Days 15 and 16(20.232% and 34.377%, respectively). Mortality was highest on Day 16(14.145%). We estimated the genetic parameters using the average information restricted maximum likelihood method. We used a likelihood ratio test to evaluate the significance of effects in models with and without identity as an effect, and compared the final log-likelihoods(maximum log L). Lastly, we estimated phenotypic and genetic correlation between the upper thermal tolerance limit(UTT) and body weight(BW). In this study, the positive phenotypic correlation was low between UTT and BW(0.093±0.029). The genetic correlation between UTT and BW was negative(-0.044±0.239). The heritability for upper thermal tolerance was low(0.087±0.032), which is of approximately moderate heritability. The heritability for body weight was high(0.303±0.074). Our results suggest there is significant potential for improvement in the culture of turbot by selective breeding.     

中国近海浮游桡足类中华哲水蚤（Calanussinicus Brodsky）的分子系统地理学和种群遗传结构研究

Planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus is the dominant meso-zooplankton in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. To better understand its population dynamics and phylogeographic patterns, 243 C. sinicus individuals were collected from seven locations across the shelf waters of China and its population genetics was studied by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I(mtCOI) sequences analyses. Thirty-nine different sequences, or haplotypes, were detected with moderate haplotype diversity(h=0.749) and low nucleotide diversity(π=0.003) for all populations. The evolutionary divergence between geographic populations varied from 0.24% to 0.37%, indicative of very limited genetic differentiation. Visualized minimum spanning network(MSN) and phylogenetic analysis of all the detected haplotypes did not reveal any clear phylogeographic pattern. Furthermore, AMOVA data showed no significant spatial population differentiation existed among the individuals collected across China shelf waters. Pairwise FST values showed that population collected from northwest of the East China Sea(ECS) displayed a low difference to other populations. Mismatch distribution analyses and neutrality tests indicated that C. sinicus might undergo a demographic/population expansion. No significant population genetic structuring was detected, indicating an extensive gene flow among the C. sinicus populations. Our results provide molecular evidence for the hypothesis that C. sinicus in the northwestern South China Sea in winter is transported from the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea by the China Coastal Current during the northeast monsoon period.     

Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: Options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ has been growing. In June 2012, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, States agreed to take a decision on the development of an international instrument under UNCLOS before the end of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which runs from September 2014 to August 2015. In follow-up to this commitment, it was agreed to consider the “scope, parameters and feasibility” of this instrument. To inform these international discussions, this article highlights some potential options for the content of a new UNCLOS Implementing Agreement. It first reviews the history of UN discussions, and then elaborates on options to address key elements identified as priorities for States in 2011: marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. It addresses cross-cutting issues such as the governing principles, institutional structure as well as on other critical points such as High Seas fishing and flag State responsibilities. The article concludes with suggestions on possible next steps in order to succeed in the negotiations for an agreement.     

浙江洞头不同品系羊栖菜的栽培性状及ISSR分析

浙江洞头栽培的羊栖菜具有不同来源,通过定期测定5种不同品系羊栖菜(原始采集地分别是韩国、浙江洞头、浙江南麂列岛、浙江东极岛及广东汕头)的栽培性状,发现在生长阶段后期,各品系在株重和株高方面都存在显著性差异,原始亲本引自韩国的羊栖菜品系较其他品系具有更好的生长优势,可作为育苗选种目标品系。利用ISSR分子标记技术对这5种羊栖菜品系进行遗传多样性分析,结果显示,从36条引物中筛选出的11条引物,经PCR扩增得到219条羊栖菜DNA片段,其中多态性片段为129条,多态性条带比率达58.9%;5个羊栖菜品系之间的遗传距离为0.151 0~0.382 4,且聚在一起,同属的鼠尾藻在最外群。本研究从DNA分子水平上揭示了目前洞头养殖的羊栖菜品系遗传多态性偏低,为今后开展羊栖菜种质资源保护及其优良苗种的选育提供了一定的理论参考。     

龙须菜RSAP分析及其SCAR标记的转化

初步探讨限制性位点扩增多态性(Restriction site amplified polymorphism,RSAP)分子标记技术在龙须菜遗传多样性检测和种质鉴定上的应用。利用所优化的适合于龙须菜RSAP分析的PCR反应体系,对青岛湛山湾野生群体和栽培品系981、07-2进行遗传多样性分析和比较。试验采用15对引物组合在3个群体14个龙须菜个体中共扩增出669个位点,其中多态位点数为146个,多态性比例22%,平均每对引物产生10条多态性条带,片段大小在100~1 000 bp之间。湛山湾野生群体的Na(1.007 5)、Ne(1.007 1)、H(0.003 6)、I(0.005 1)与栽培品系981的Na(1.003 0)、Ne(1.002 1)、H(0.001 2)、I(0.001 8),以及栽培品系07-2的Na(1.009 0)、Ne(1.006 3)、H(0.003 7)、I(0.005 4)相比较可知3个群体的遗传多样性是有差异的。种群间的遗传多样性分析表明,在所有检测的样品中,遗传多样性多来自不同群体间的多样性。群体遗传结构分析表明,2个栽培品系981、07-2间遗传距离不大,但栽培品系与湛山湾野生群体间的遗传距离相对较大,而UPGMA聚类分析也明显的将湛山湾野生群体与栽培品系981、07-2区分开来,表明野生群体与栽培品系间已产生一定的遗传隔离。通过分析湛山湾野生群体及栽培品系981、07-2的RSAP指纹图谱,从中筛选栽培品系981的特异条带,并将其转化为稳定性好、特异性高的序列特征化扩增区(Sequence characterized amplified regions,SCAR)分子标记。     

南海双峰盆地的形成演化及其对构造样式的约束

南海北部深水区已逐渐成为我国南海北部油气资源调查的热点区域,开展南海北部双峰盆地构造样式及成因分析研究对进一步认识南海北部沉积盆地的形成演化和评价油气资源潜力具有重要的借鉴意义。利用广州海洋地质调查局已有的二维地震资料,在对双峰盆地地震层序和构造精细解释的基础上,厘定了双峰盆地主要的构造样式;采用平衡剖面技术,重建了双峰盆地的构造演化史;结合南海北部区域构造背景,分析了双峰盆地的性质和成因。研究认为,双峰盆地为与洋壳热沉降有关的坳陷沉积盆地。从神狐运动开始,双峰盆地经历了大陆破裂—大陆裂解—海底扩张完整的构造演化旋回,在持续伸展构造应力场的作用下,形成了双峰盆地,主要发育伸展构造样式、转换-伸展构造样式、重力滑动构造样式和火成构造样式4类,其中伸展构造和火成构造较为发育。     

江苏沿海地区海洋渔业发展差异与对策

江苏是海洋大省,但并非海洋强省,2005年海洋渔业在全国处于第6位,为浙江和山东的1/3和1/5。江苏具有发展海洋渔业的有利条件,丰富的水产资源和滩涂资源适合发展海洋渔业,发达的地区经济为渔业发展提供了技术支撑。从省内区域差异来看,渔业过分集中于如东、启东等少数县市,多数县市产业优势未能充分发挥。应该大力发展海水增养业、加强养殖区域生态环境保护,积极发展相关海洋产业。     

基于Cyt b基因序列的南海北部蓝圆鲹群体遗传多样性研究

为了解南海北部蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)的群体遗传变异特征,本研究利用线粒体DNA Cyt b基因部分序列对9个群体共203个个体进行群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析.结果显示:在722 bp长的Cyt b部分序列中,共检测出52个多态位点,定义25个单倍型;群体的单倍型多样性(h)为0.577±0.036,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.001 55±0.001 12,整体遗传多样性呈中等偏低水平,其中雷州半岛和海南岛以东5个群体的遗传多样性水平明显高于以西的4个北部湾群体.单倍型系统发育树和网络图均未表现出与地理位置相对应的谱系结构,单倍型网络图呈以主体单倍型为中心的星状结构.群体间的Fst值为-0.077~0.018,且统计检验均不显著(p0.05).分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异全部来源于群体内个体间.Tajima's D值和Fu's Fs值均为显著负值,核苷酸不配对分布呈明显的单峰分布.南海北部蓝圆鲹群体约在29 000a前可能发生过扩张事件,导致遗传多样性呈现高h、低π模式;9个群体间的遗传分化并不显著,符合是一个随机交配种群的假设,但9个群体的遗传多样性水平却表现出明显的地理趋势,提示将南海北部蓝圆鲹作为单一种群进行渔业管理需持谨慎态度.