Stability and accuracy analysis of the central difference method for real‐time substructure testing

The central difference method (CDM) that is explicit for pseudo‐dynamic testing is also believed to be explicit for real‐time substructure testing (RST). However, to obtain the correct velocity dependent restoring force of the physical substructure being tested, the target velocity is required to be calculated as well as the displacement. The standard CDM provides only explicit target displacement but not explicit target velocity. This paper investigates the required modification of the standard central difference method when applied to RST and analyzes the stability and accuracy of the modified CDM for RST. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolutionary aseismic design and retrofit of structures with passive energy dissipation

A new computational framework is developed for the design and retrofit of building structures by considering aseismic design as a complex adaptive process. For the initial phase of the development within this framework, genetic algorithms are employed for the discrete optimization of passively damped structural systems. The passive elements may include metallic plate dampers, viscous fluid dampers and viscoelastic solid dampers. The primary objective is to determine robust designs, including both the non‐linearity of the structural system and the uncertainty of the seismic environment. Within the present paper, this computational design approach is applied to a series of model problems, involving sizing and placement of passive dampers for energy dissipation. In order to facilitate our investigations and provide a baseline for further study, we introduce several simplifications for these initial examples. In particular, we employ deterministic lumped parameter structural models, memoryless fitness function definitions and hypothetical seismic environments. Despite these restrictions, some interesting results are obtained from the simulations and we are able to gain an understanding of the potential for the proposed evolutionary aseismic design methodology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂 北 地 区 钻 头 优 选 探 讨

为适应鄂尔多斯塔巴庙区块勘探开发需要，利用区域测井资料进行钻头选型，并结合现场实践优化钻头类型和钻井参数，提高钻井效率。通过新型PDC钻头推广应用,单口井所需钻头数量减少3~4只，减少起下钻3回次以上，缩短钻井周期3~5天。     

GPS精密卫星钟差估计研究

随着精密单点定位技术的发展,对于精确的卫星坐标以及卫星钟差改正精度的要求越来越高,精密卫星星历以及精密卫星钟差的求解成为制约精密单点定位技术发展的瓶颈。本文基于修复周跳的载波相位观测值与相位平滑伪距观测值,采用无电离层延迟星间单差精密卫星钟差估计模型,在先估计出整周模糊度后,进行了精密卫星钟差的估计,并采用与IGS事后精密钟差作二次差的方法进行精度分析,这对于提高精密单点定位精度具有一定的意义。     

基于性别差异的城市旅游电子地图的设计

城市旅游电子地图是人们出行旅游必备的信息指南。为了设计满足不同性别的旅游用户的需求的城市旅游电子地图,本文分析了基于性别差异用户的认知特点,以及性别差异对旅游电子地图编绘的影响。重点提出了基于性别差异的城市旅游电子地图的内容设计、符号设计和语音功能设计。最后,本文探讨了城市旅游电子地图的编制原则,主要包括内容设计原则、界面设计原则和符号设计原则。基于用户性别进行地图设计的研究思想可以更好地为广大用户提供更加全面翔实的旅游信息和服务。     

新疆阿尔泰库马苏铅锌多金属矿床成因探讨

库马苏铅锌多金属矿床位于阿尔泰山东段南麓库马苏一带的中蒙边境地区,行政区划隶属新疆维吾尔自治区富蕴县管辖,距富蕴县城约100 km。 该矿床位于阿尔泰陆缘活动带之诺尔特晚古生代上叠盆地中,南部沿库热克特大断裂与哈龙早古生代岩浆弧带毗邻;该地区金、铜及多金属矿（化）点密集分布于下石炭统红山嘴组地层内,而且由西向东,矿产种类呈一定的规律性变化,西部为铜、金,中部为金及多金属,东部以多金属为主;反映在地球化学异常上表现出西部以金、砷、锑异常为主,中部以面积较小的金、砷、锑、铅、锌异常为主,东部铅、锌、铜、银、金、砷、锑异常集中分布。目前,在成矿带内自西向东已发现红山嘴金矿点,小土尔根铜矿、塔斯比伊克金矿点、阿克提什坎金矿点、库马苏金多金属矿等。矿床所在区域构造发育,变质作用强烈,岩浆活动期次多、规模大,是非常有利的成矿环境。结合矿床地质特征,判定库马苏铅锌多金属矿床的形成与该区域岩浆作用和火山活动密切相关,为岩浆热液充填交代成因铅锌金多金属矿床。     

恶劣环境下GPS/BDS混合双差模糊度固定性能分析

针对在恶劣观测环境下每个GNSS系统只观测到较少的几颗卫星,采用标准双差模型很难实现整周模糊度固定的问题,该文对GPS/BDS系统间混合双差模型进行研究,利用该模型计算出GPS/BDS系统偏差。在此基础上,利用实验分别对模拟和真实恶劣观测环境下的模糊度固定性能进行分析,实验结果表明,恶劣环境下GPS/BDS系统间混合双差模型表现良好,相较于经典的双差模型可将模糊度固定平均所需时间分别缩短43%和33%,模糊度固定成功率分别提高107%和31%。     

An efficient application of fusion approach for hot spot detection with MODIS and PALSAR-1 data

Hot spot detection with satellite images, especially with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is still a challenging task. Several researchers have used TM/optical data for identification of hot spot but the use of SAR data is very limited for this type of application. The fusion of SAR data with TM/optical data may add additional information which in turn will lead for enhancement of detection capability of the hot spot. Therefore, this study explores the possibility of fusion of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite images for the hot spot detection. Image fusion is emerging as a powerful tool where information of various sensors can be used for obtaining better results. For this purpose, vegetation greenness and roughness information which is obtained from MODIS and PALSAR satellite images, respectively, are used for fusion, and then, a contextual-based thresholding algorithm is applied to the fused image for hot spot detection. The proposed approach comprises of two steps: (1) application of genetic algorithm-based scheme for image fusion of MODIS and PALSAR satellite images, and (2) classification of the fused image as either hot spot or non-hot spot pixels by employing a contextual thresholding technique. The algorithm is tested over the Jharia Coal Field region of India, where hot spot is one of the major problems and it is observed that the proposed thresholding technique classifies the each pixel of the fused image into two categories: hot spot and non-hot spot and the proposed approach detects the hot spot with better accuracy and less false alarm.     

Research on Formation Mechanisms of Hot Dry Rock Resources in China

As an important geothermal resource, hot dry rock(HDR) reserves have been studied in many countries. HDR resources in China have huge capacity and have become one of the most important resources for the potential replacement of fossil fuels. However, HDR resources are difficult to develop and utilise. Technologies for use with HDR, such as high–temperature drilling, reservoir characterisation, reservoir fracturing, microseismic monitoring and high–temperature power stations, originate from the field of oil and drilling. Addressing how to take advantage of these developed technologies is a key factor in the development of HDR reserves. Based on the thermal crustal structure in China, HDR resources can be divided into four types: high radioactive heat production, sedimentary basin, modern volcano and the inner–plate active tectonic belt. The prospective regions of HDR resources are located in South Tibet, West Yunnan, the southeast coast of China, Bohai Rim, Songliao Basin and Guanzhong Basin. The related essential technologies are relatively mature, and the prospect of HDR power generation is promising. Therefore, analysing the formation mechanisms of HDR resources and promoting the transformation of technological achievements, large–scale development and the utilisation of HDR resources can be achieved in China.