Oldest zircon xenocryst (4.17 Ga) from the North China Craton

Prior to this work, the existence of crustal materials older than 4.0 Ga has not been reported from the North China Craton (NCC) – one of the few global terrains where crustal rocks from ～3.8 Ga have been identified. Here we report the first occurrence of a xenocrystic zircon with a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 4174 ± 48 Ma, from the Anshan–Benxi Archaean supracrustal greenstone belt, based on laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The 4.17 Ga zircon xenocryst is hosted within ～2523 ± 12 Ma massive fine-grained amphibolites which were subsequently metamorphosed at ～2481 ± 19 Ma. The xenocryst age is ca. 350 million years, older than the oldest zircon previously identified in the NCC, and is consistent with prior zircon Lu–Hf isotopic studies. Documentation of 4.17 Ga xenocrystal zircon not only provided a geochronological record of the oldest known crustal materials in the NCC, but also identified the geologic environment for further search for the rocks that formed during Earth’s earliest recorded evolution.     

勉略带关帝坪角闪岩岩石地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

关帝坪蛇绿岩位于勉县关帝坪地区,具典型的堆晶结构,是勉略蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分。对其中的角闪岩进行了岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年分析。结果表明角闪岩具高MgO、CaO,低K2O的特征,为钙碱性系列,TiO2含量与活动大陆边缘及岛弧区火山岩相似,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Th、U,显著亏损Nb、Ta,略微富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征,与勉略带印支期花岗岩可能具有一定的同源性,可能是印支期勉略洋盆向北俯冲的产物,并受到了大陆壳的混染。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果,表明角闪岩的成岩年龄为(222.5±2.1)Ma,表明其形成于晚三叠世。该年龄略早于研究区花岗岩的成岩年龄,二者的成对性关系说明在勉略古洋壳向北的俯冲一直持续到晚三叠世岛弧火山岩的形成或者更晚时期,之后才进入了碰撞造山阶段。     

汉诺坝地区上地幔尖晶石—石榴石相转变带温压条件

根据汉诺坝尖晶石石榴石二辉辉石岩包体矿物成分新资料和前人的尖晶石石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体矿物成分资料,运用斜方辉石Ｃａ溶解度温度计和斜方辉石－石榴石Ａｌ分配压力计,计算了尖晶石—石榴石相转变带的温度和压力条件,首次获得了汉诺坝地区的新生代古地温曲线。尖晶石石榴石二辉辉石岩包体代表的温度范围为９３０～９７８℃,压力范围为１４２～１６５ＧＰａ：尖晶石石榴石二辉橄榄岩包体代表的温度范围为９９１～１１１０℃,压力范围为１５８～２１６ＧＰａ,与最新的实验结果基本吻合。地温曲线沿大洋地温曲线（曲线方程为ｔ＝２５２４＋８９７４７８ｐ－１８３０８ｐ２）上方近平行延伸。推测汉诺坝玄武岩的起源深度至少为７０ｋｍ。二辉辉石岩包体来自较冷的岩石圈,而二辉橄榄岩来自岩石圈与软流圈的过渡带,并且表明后者的地温梯度以对流热地温梯度为主。     

Density variations of Cr-rich garnets in the upper mantle inferred from the elasticity of uvarovite garnet

The thermoelastic parameters of Ca₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂ uvarovite garnet were examined in situ at high pressure up to 13 GPa and high temperature up to 1100 K by synchrotron radiation energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction within a 6-6-type multi-anvil press apparatus. A least-square fitting of room T data to a third-order Birch–Murnaghan (BM3) EoS yielded K₀ = 164.2 ± 0.7 GPa, V₀ = 1735.9 ± 0.3 ų (K’₀ fixed to 4.0). P–V–T data were fitted simultaneously by a modified HT-BM3 EoS, which gave the isothermal bulk modulus K₀ = 163.6 ± 2.6 GPa, K’₀ = 4.1 ± 0.5, its temperature derivative (?K_0,T/?T)_P = –0.014 ± 0.002 GPa K^?1, and the thermal expansion coefficients a₀ = 2.32 ± 0.13 ×10^?5 K^?1 and b₀ = 2.13 ± 2.18 ×10^?9 K^?2 (K’₀ fixed to 4.0). Our results showed that the Cr³⁺ enrichment in natural systems likely increases the density of ugrandite garnets, resulting in a substantial increase of mantle garnet densities in regions where Cr-rich spinel releases chromium through a metasomatic reaction.     

Quartz‐in‐garnet and Ti‐in‐quartz thermobarometry: Methodology and first application to a quartzofeldspathic gneiss from eastern Papua New Guinea

Mineral inclusions are ubiquitous in metamorphic rocks and elastic models for host‐inclusion pairs have become frequently used tools for investigating pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of mineral entrapment. Inclusions can retain remnant pressures () that are relatable to their entrapment P–T conditions using an isotropic elastic model and P–T–V equations of state for host and inclusion minerals. Elastic models are used to constrain P–T curves, known as isomekes, which represent the possible inclusion entrapment conditions. However, isomekes require a temperature estimate for use as a thermobarometer. Previous studies obtained temperature estimates from thermometric methods external of the host‐inclusion system. In this study, we present the first P–T estimates of quartz inclusion entrapment by integrating the quartz‐in‐garnet elastic model with titanium concentration measurements of inclusions and a Ti‐in‐quartz solubility model (QuiG‐TiQ). QuiG‐TiQ was used to determine entrapment P–T conditions of quartz inclusions in garnet from a quartzofeldspathic gneiss from Goodenough Island, part of the (ultra)high‐pressure terrane of Papua New Guinea. Raman spectroscopic measurements of the 128, 206, and 464 cm^?1 bands of quartz were used to calculate inclusion pressures using hydrostatic pressure calibrations (), a volume strain calculation (), and elastic tensor calculation (), that account for deviatoric stress. values calculated from the 128, 206, and 464 cm^?1 bands’ hydrostatic calibrations are significantly different from one another with values of 1.8 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 2.5 ± 0.1 kbar, respectively. We quantified elastic anisotropy using the 128, 206 and 464 cm^?1 Raman band frequencies of quartz inclusions and stRAinMAN software (Angel, Murri, Mihailova, & Alvaro, 2019,  234 :129–140). The amount of elastic anisotropy in quartz inclusions varied by ~230%. A subset of inclusions with nearly isotropic strains gives an average and of 2.5 ± 0.2 and 2.6 ± 0.2 kbar, respectively. Depending on the sign and magnitude, inclusions with large anisotropic strains respectively overestimate or underestimate inclusion pressures and are significantly different (<3.8 kbar) from the inclusions that have nearly isotropic strains. Titanium concentrations were measured in quartz inclusions exposed at the surface of the garnet. The average Ti‐in‐quartz isopleth (19 ± 1 ppm [2σ]) intersects the average QuiG isomeke at 10.2 ± 0.3 kbar and 601 ± 6°C, which are interpreted as the P–T conditions of quartzofeldspathic gneiss garnet growth and entrapment of quartz inclusions. The P–T intersection point of QuiG and Ti‐in‐quartz univariant curves represents mechanical and chemical equilibrium during crystallization of garnet, quartz, and rutile. These three minerals are common in many bulk rock compositions that crystallize over a wide range of P–T conditions thus permitting application of QuiG‐TiQ to many metamorphic rocks.     

归一化定量技术在激光烧蚀-等离子体质谱测定石榴子石多元素中有关问题的讨论

讨论了采用相对灵敏度系数进行多外标归一校正的可行性。该校正方法应用于激光烧蚀-等离子体质谱同时分析了未知石榴子石样品中主、次、痕量共43个元素,并与内标法结果进行对比,其一致性令人满意。探讨了激光线扫描和单点剥蚀两种取样方式下,相对灵敏度系数间的变化关系,结果表明,在剥蚀深度基本一致的情况下,取样方式对相对灵敏度系数没有显著影响。     

Uncoupled U/Pb and REE response in zircon during the transformation of eclogite to mafic and intermediate granulite (Blanský les,Bohemian Massif)

An eclogite–mafic granulite occurs as a rare boudin within a felsic kyanite–K‐feldspar granulite in a low‐strain zone. Its boundary is marked by significant metasomatism–diffusional gain of potassium at the centimetre‐scale, and probable infiltration of felsic melt on a larger scale. This converted the eclogite–mafic granulite into an intermediate‐composition, ternary‐feldspar‐bearing granulite. Based on inclusions in garnet, the peak P–T conditions of the original eclogite are 18 kbar at 850–950 °C, with later matrix re‐equilibration at 12 kbar and 950 °C. Four samples from the transition of the eclogite–mafic granulite through to the intermediate granulite were studied. In the eclogite, REE patterns in the garnet core show no Eu anomaly, compatible with crystallization in the absence of plagioclase and consistent with eclogite facies conditions. Towards the rim of garnet, LREE decrease, and a weak negative Eu anomaly appears, reflecting passage into HP granulite facies conditions with plagioclase present. The rims of garnet next to ternary feldspar in the intermediate granulite show the lowest LREE and deepest Eu anomalies. Zircon from the four samples was analysed by LASS (laser ablation–split‐stream inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry). It shows U–Pb ages from 404 ± 4.0 to 331 ± 3.3 Ma, with a peak at 340 ± 4.0 Ma corresponding to the likely exhumation of the rocks to 12 kbar. Older ages from zircon with steep HREE patterns indicate the minimum age of the protolith, and ages <360 ± 4.0 Ma are interpreted to correspond to the eclogite facies metamorphism. Only some zircon grains ≤350 ± 4.0 Ma have flat HREE patterns, suggesting that these are primarily modified protolith grains, rather than new zircon crystallized in the eclogite‐ or granulite facies. The metasomatic processes that converted the eclogite–mafic granulite to an intermediate granulite may have facilitated zircon modification as zircon in the intermediate granulite has flat HREE and ages of 340 ± 4.0 Ma. The difference between the oldest and youngest ages with flat REE patterns indicates a 16 ± 5.6 Ma period of zircon modification in the presence of garnet.     

Does ternary feldspar constrain the metamorphic conditions of high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks? Evidence from orthopyroxene granulites,Bohemian Massif

The presence of ternary feldspar in high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks, and the recognition of the thermometric significance of this mineral, has led recent researchers to postulate peak metamorphic temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. However, it needs to be established that such ternary feldspar is not in fact a survivor of the original high‐temperature crystallization of the igneous protolith. After exsolution, the host and lamellae in the ternary feldspar grains may be stable throughout subsequent history as long as recrystallization does not occur. Such a history may involve rehydration and metamorphism, including H₂O‐saturated conditions, with the compositions and proportions of the host and lamellae being modified to reflect the P–T conditions experienced. In the case of the high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks from the Moldanubian of the Bohemian Massif, some samples that contain ternary feldspar preserve a substantial measure of their igneous heritage. Orthopyroxene‐bearing granulites not only include types that are barely affected by the metamorphism, but also others that have undergone hydration of the igneous protolith prior to the development of a metamorphic overprint. A key to establishing the igneous origin of the ternary feldspar grains is their preservation in garnet that is either itself igneous, or of a relatively low‐temperature metamorphic origin. Applying the logic to the other ternary feldspar‐bearing meta‐igneous rocks deprives the Moldanubian of its ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic status.     

桐柏山商丹断裂带东延段石榴云母片岩中石榴子石显微构造特征及变质—变形环境分析

韧性剪切带上岩石变质—变形条件的研究是探讨造山带造山过程及造山机制的重要环节.岩石中矿物显微、超微构造特征是造山带形成环境的真实体现,是造山带变形研究的基础.本文通过对商丹断裂带(即商南—丹凤断裂带)东延段桐柏山地区石榴云母片岩中石榴子石的位错特征及动态重结晶型式等显微构造特征,分析研究石榴子石塑性变形方式、变形机制及...     

辽宁红透山铜锌矿围岩黑云斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb定年及其块状硫化物指示意义

红透山铜锌矿是中国东北典型的与海相火山岩有关的块状硫化物（VMS）矿床。通过不同的研究手段反演其成岩及构造热活动的历史,探讨成矿作用过程是红透山矿床研究的重要问题之一。通过对红透山赋矿围岩-黑云斜长角闪岩中锆石的研究,探讨红透山铜锌矿的成矿过程, 揭示其地质意义。黑云斜长角闪岩中的锆石主要为粒状,在黑云斜长角闪岩母岩-钙碱性玄武岩喷发过程中形成。结果表明：锆石的形成年龄约为2 500 Ma,代表了红透山铜锌矿初始的成矿时代;红透山矿床最初形成于该时期的弧后盆地环境,矿床形成不久随即发生了鞍山运动的古海洋闭合、陆陆碰撞及同期碰撞花岗岩的侵入;该期的构造热蚀变可能就是红透山富矿柱形成的原因。基于对红透山矿床的形成时代和环境的新认识,建议“红透山式”矿床勘查方向应该注重以下2点：该类矿床应该产出于晚太古代末期形成的绿岩带中的双峰式火山岩中; VMS富矿应该分布在鞍山运动古海洋闭合及陆陆碰撞带中。