Direct impacts of commercial and recreational fishing on spiny lobster,Panulirus interruptus,populations at Santa Catalina Island,California, United States

The California spiny or red rock lobster, Panulirus interruptus, is an ecologically and economically important species that has been exploited since the 1800s. No previous study in California has assessed the impacts of the recreational or commercial lobster harvest. Before the 2003–04 commercial and recreational lobster seasons, we conducted a fishery‐independent trap survey at Santa Catalina Island to document the impact of the lobster fisheries on the size structure, abundance, and sex ratios of mature P. interruptus (>65 mm carapace length (CL)). We concurrently sampled a predominantly commercially fished area, a recreationally fished area, and a 23‐year‐old invertebrate no‐take (INT) reserve. Relative to the INT reserve, legal‐size lobsters in the recreational area were similar in CL, but 31% less abundant. Legal‐size lobsters in the commercial area were 8% smaller and 70% less abundant than those in the INT reserve. The sex ratio of legal‐size lobsters, although near 50:50 in the recreational and INT reserve areas, was male‐dominated (67:33) in the commercial area. Differences in CPUE and mean CL of sub‐legal lobsters in the recreational and commercial areas suggest that factors in addition to harvesting pressure may affect these populations. Total biomass of mature lobsters in the recreational and commercial areas was 92% and 45%, respectively, of biomass in the INT reserve. Fecundity in the recreational and commercial areas was 83% and 42%, respectively, of fecundity in the INT reserve. This study provides preliminary data for future ecological studies and fisheries management evaluations.     

Differences in the distributions of freshwater fishes and decapod crustaceans in urban and forested streams in Auckland,New Zealand

Using data from existing studies, assemblages of freshwater fishes and decapod crustaceans were examined at 39 sites in urbanised catchments and 57 sites in forested (reference) catchments within the greater Auckland region, New Zealand. Eleven native and 1 exotic fish species and 2 native decapod crustacean species were recorded. Species richness and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores were lower overall in streams in urbanised catchments. Shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were more dominant in urban streams; all other commonly occurring species were found significantly more often in reference streams. Non‐diadromous native species (Cran's bully (Gobiomorphus basalts) and freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifions)) were absent from urban streams, but relatively abundant in reference streams. This absence of non‐diadromous species, together with the urban occurrence of five diadromous species suggests that migratory barriers pose less of a threat to freshwater communities than physico‐chemical disturbance in streams in the Auckland urban region.     

Limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu

The limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu (36°18'S, 176° 30'E) was studied at various intervals between 1971 and 1974; comparisons were made between the main lake (area 6.32 km², mean depth 7 m, maximum depth 15 m), and the smaller (0.15 km²) and deeper (mean depth 15 m, maximum 31 m) crater which are connected by a narrow, 1 m deep channel. The main lake was usually homothermal, although temporary stratification periodically occurred, and the oxygen content of the deeper water could be as low as 2 g.m^‐3. The crater showed strong thermal and chemical stratification persisting well into the winter. Its heat budget and other factors related to lake stability are compared with those of some other New Zealand lakes. The failure of the crater to become fully re‐oxygenated during its brief period of homothermy is believed to be related to its morphometry, since the amount of phytoplankton did not appear to be great enough to explain the low levels of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion. The hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in 1973–74 was 0.038 mg. cm^‐2.day^‐1. Qualitatively the phytoplankton, usually dominated by desmids, was characteristic of oligotrophic waters, but quantitatively the main lake could be rated as mesotrophic. Differences were also found in the abundance of zooplankton between the crater and the main lake: there were usually more Bosmina but considerably fewer Ceriodaphnia in the main lake which had greater numbers of Piona. Adult Calamoecia were generally more abundant in the crater.     

Variation in population structure and life-history parameters of steentjies Spondyliosoma emarginatum: effects of exploitation and biogeography

The size and age structures, sex ratio, size- and age-at-sex-change, growth and mortality rate of the protogynous hermaphrodite, steentjie Spondyliosoma emarginatum, were compared to determine the effects on population structure and life-history parameters of exploitation (comparing an unexploited reserve and an exploited area in Langebaan Lagoon) and biogeography (comparing Langebaan Lagoon and Struisbaai on the south-west coast of South Africa). There were few large fish and a sex ratio skewed towards relatively more females in the exploited area compared with the reserve in Langebaan. The age structure of female steentjies was truncated in the exploited area but the male age structure was unaffected, possibly because of the poor relationship between size and age of males caused by accelerated growth-at-sex-change. There were no differences in the size- and age-at-sex-change between the reserve and the exploited area, suggesting that steentjies have not shown a physiological response to exploitation in Langebaan and are unable to compensate for a skewed sex ratio. The comparison between Struisbaai and Langebaan showed that the growth rate of steentjies in Struisbaai was slower and the size-at-sex-change smaller than those at Langebaan. Linefish stock assessments may have to account for regional differences in physiological parameters.     

淡水珍珠新品种及加工工艺新进展

目前,普通、低品质的淡水珍珠产品已无法满足大部分消费者的时尚需求,但随着珍珠养殖技术与加工技术的进一步发展,市场上出现了许多新的珍珠品种。系统地总结了目前中国珍珠市场上新造型的珍珠的特征,其中有核珍珠更适合于加工成各式各样的异形珠。以淡水无核珍珠为对象,重点探讨了刻面加工技术、镶嵌技术和雕刻技术在改善珍珠外观方面的应用,进一步分析了刻面珍珠的琢磨角度与时间;对椭圆形珍珠、腰线珍珠进行CZ镶嵌,使其外观得到了改善,提升了其价值。最后,对珍珠的雕刻技术进行了初步探讨。     

河北省地下咸水对地下淡水资源入侵影响分析

河北省中东部区域分布为地下咸水分布区。自大量开采地下淡水以来,出现了地下咸水入侵地下淡水资源问题,第四系地下淡水水质呈不断变差趋势,对宝贵的地下淡水资源构成威胁,其主要原因是地下淡水资源的超量开采和成井工艺不严格。本文分析了地下咸水入侵地下淡水机制及影响现状。     

矿床模型综合地质信息预测资源量的估算方法

未发现矿产资源潜力的资源定量估算一直是资源评价的重要工作,关于资源量估算的方法也在不断的探索中。从新一轮全国重要矿产资源潜力评价的技术体系所倡导的成矿分析方法入手,探索了资源量估算的成矿地质体体积法,介绍了该方法的原理、步骤和可能实现的途径。     

对目前煤炭资源勘查与开发利用中存在的一些问题的思考

煤炭资源勘查和开发利用中,存在着一些值得思考与探讨的问题,如资源储量划分、勘查区境界的依据、资源分类与勘查程度的关系、回采率问题、共伴生矿床的勘查、煤层气勘查与瓦斯抽放、水文地质工程地质及开采技术条件勘查、采矿废弃物资源化、基础性地质工作的管理等。针对上述问题,结合煤炭资源勘查实践,提出了相应的建议。     

广东省自然保护区生态网络评价及其生态修复建议

以广东省自然保护区作为生态源地,利用最小累积阻力模型,分析潜在生态廊道,通过增加河流与高速公路廊道形成综合生态网络(CEN),并利用α指数、β指数、γ指数和成本比对CEN进行评价,结果显示:由潜在生态廊道构成的基础生态网络(BEN),α、β、γ指数分别为0.54、2.02和0.70,说明其能使广东省自然保护区结构复杂化...     

Two Early Cretaceous fishes discovered from the most northern area of China: implications for the palaeobiogeography of the Jehol Biota

From a newly discovered Early Cretaceous fossil site at the Sanlianhe Coal Mine in Tahe County, Heilongjiang Province, the most northern area in China, two freshwater fossil fish had been recovered. This paper reports their classifications and implications regarding the palaeobiogeography of the Jehol Biota. The fish assemblage consists of Yanosteus sp. (Acipenseriforms) and Sinamia sp. (Amiiformes). Both are important members of the well known Jehol Biota, and their occurrence supports the correlation of the Yiliekede Formation at Sanlianhe Coal Mine site with the Jiufotang Formation of West Liaoning. The remains of the Yanosteus sp. from this locality is the first known record of the genus other than in the Yan‐Liao area of China, and the specimens of Sinamia sp. is quite similar to what may be a new species of Sinamia from West Liaoning. The new fossil site represents the most northern site that is undoubtedly part of the extent of the Jehol Biota as currently understood. The northern Great Xing'an Range area is an important region that may link correlations between the Early Cretaceous continental biotas of China, Mongolia and Russia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.