United States Geological Survey's Reserve-Growth Models and Their Implementation

The USGS has developed several mathematical models to forecast reserve growth of fields both in the United States (U.S.) and the world. The models are based on historical reserve growth patterns of fields in the U.S. The patterns of past reserve growth are extrapolated to forecast future reserve growth. Changes of individual field sizes through time are extremely variable, therefore, the reserve growth models take on a statistical approach whereby volumetric changes for populations of fields are used in the models. Field age serves as a measure of the field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. At the time of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000, a reserve growth model for discovered fields of the world was not available. Reserve growth forecasts, therefore, were made based on a model of historical reserve growth of fields of the U.S. To test the feasibility of such an application, reserve growth forecasts were made of 186 giant oil fields of the world (excluding the U.S. and Canada). In addition, forecasts were made for these giant oil fields subdivided into those located in and outside of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The model provided a reserve-growth forecast that closely matched the actual reserve growth that occurred from 1981 through 1996 for the 186 fields as a whole, as well as for both OPEC and non-OPEC subdivisions, despite the differences in reserves definition among the fields of the U.S. and the rest of the world.     

“第四纪”一词之存废及其下界之浅见

与第四纪同时产生的第一纪、第二纪和第三纪等名词已先后被废弃,第四纪一词已失去其意义,建议予以废弃。第四纪是人类生活的时代,故建议用“人类纪”称之。第四纪的下界建议采用古地磁年表上的松山/高斯(M/G)界线,即258万年。其理由是:1)地磁极的大转换本身就是一个事件,它可能与其他事件有着因果的关系;2)在此线附近发现微玻璃陨石和铱微粒与铱异常,代表天文撞击事件;3)火山喷发物的发现是火山活动的证据;4)植物界在此线上下有巨大变化,在此线以下出现许多热带-亚热带植物,此线以上为温带植物;5)动物界也有巨大变化,三趾马动物群为现代动物群和人类所代替,最早的人属化石年龄为240万年;6)南海地区有Globorotaliamultcamerata绝灭事件,北京海进层中有波罗的透明虫等冷水种有孔虫组合出现;7)黄土高原的三趾马红土变成黄土。可见,M/G界线是一条很显著的界线,足以作为人类纪的下界。     

Characterisation of sea-water intrusion in the Pioneer Valley, Australia using hydrochemistry and three-dimensional numerical modelling

Sea-water intrusion is actively contaminating fresh groundwater reserves in the coastal aquifers of the Pioneer Valley, north-eastern Australia. A three-dimensional sea-water intrusion model has been developed using the MODHMS code to explore regional-scale processes and to aid assessment of management strategies for the system. A sea-water intrusion potential map, produced through analyses of the hydrochemistry, hydrology and hydrogeology, offsets model limitations by providing an alternative appraisal of susceptibility. Sea-water intrusion in the Pioneer Valley is not in equilibrium, and a potential exists for further landward shifts in the extent of saline groundwater. The model required consideration of tidal over-height (the additional hydraulic head at the coast produced by the action of tides), with over-height values in the range 0.5–0.9 m giving improved water-table predictions. The effect of the initial water-table condition dominated the sensitivity of the model to changes in the coastal hydraulic boundary condition. Several salination processes are probably occurring in the Pioneer Valley, rather than just simple landward sea-water advancement from “modern” sources of marine salts. The method of vertical discretisation (i.e. model-layer subdivision) was shown to introduce some errors in the prediction of water-table behaviour.     

Hydrodynamic convergence of hydropressured and geopressured zones, Central Texas, Gulf of Mexico Basin, USA

Freshwater moving downdip in the Carrizo–Wilcox aquifer, Central Texas, USA, and saltwater and hydrocarbons moving updip from a geopressured zone come together in a groundwater convergence zone, marked by (1) a hydraulic-gradient reversal, (2) “updip” oil fields, and (3) the downdip limit of potable water beyond which there is a marked increase in salinity. Data combined from groundwater-supply and petroleum-extraction industries document the interface between the hydropressured and geopressured zones. The hydraulic-head gradient updip of the convergence zone is 0.001 to 0.002, directed toward the coast; farther downdip it is ?0.02 to ?0.04, directed inland. Salinity increases from <400 mg/L near the outcrop, to ～3,000 mg/L at the downdip limit of potable water, to >100,000 mg/L in the geopressured zone. Upward-directed flow paths probably predominate in the convergence zone. The convergence zone in the study area lies within only 30–50 km of the outcrop because updip extensional faulting offsets permeable aquifer units against low-permeability strata and restricts the downdip flux of recharged water. The major elements of the convergence zone may have been in place since the Miocene development of circulation in the updip coastal aquifer following incision of river valleys and lowering of base level.     

关于乡镇小煤矿储量动态检测工作的探讨

做好乡镇小煤矿储量动态检测,及时准确核查检测小煤矿批准范围内的资源储量及是否存在越层越界现象,是国土资源管理的一项重要工作。通过对几年来储量动态检测工作的经验总结,着重论述了储量动态检测工作中的性质、方法及存在的问题。     

基于3S技术的重要水源地生态保护应用研究

研究基于3S技术的重要水源地生态保护技术,确定了保护区范围的划分、生态分析因子及监测手段。     

土地收购储备制度的国际经验及其对我国的启示

文章在分析海外市场经济发达国家或地区土地征购制度建立目的,法律法规保障,运用模式等成功经验基础上,结合我国城市土地市场特点,总结归纳系列启示,以期在我国城市土地收购储备制度建立和完善过程中予以借鉴。     

煤层风氧化带宽度的确定方法

在煤炭资源储量估算中,煤层风氧化带垂深都是根据煤质化验指标来确定,对在煤层底板等高线上如何确定煤层风氧化带宽度没有明确的规定,为此,依据实际工作中遇到的三种地质情况：地表基本平坦：地表有倾角且倾向与煤层倾向相同;地表有倾角且倾向与煤层倾向相反,分别用制图法、计算法确定其煤层风氧化带的宽度。     

基于C／S的矿产资源开发储量管理信息系统的研发

为实现矿产资源储量管理网络实时查询功能,在目前国土资源部金土工程的储量管理软件的基础上,开发出了“基于C／S的矿产资源开发储量管理信息系统”。该系统采用了结构化的程序设计方法,操作系统平台采用了MS Windows系统,程序开发平台采用了Borland公司Delphi,数据库的查询语言采用标准SQL查询语言,主要实现了矿产资源开发和储量数据的综合查询和汇总功能。