Chemical Composition of Aerosol and Fresh Snow and Tourism Influences at Baishui Glacier No.1 from Mt. Yulong,Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Aerosol and snow samples were collected at ablation zone of Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1,Mt.Yulong(玉龙),from May to June,2006.The concentrations of Cl-,NO3-,SO42-,Na+,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ were determined by ion chromatograph both in aerosol and snow samples.The average totalaerosol loading is 25.45 neq·scm-1,NO3-and Na+ are the dominant soluble ions in the aerosol,accounting for 39% and 21% of average total aerosol loading,respectively.Monsoon circulation reduces the concentration of most ions,indicating that wet sc...     

Three Dimensional Baroclinic Numerical Model for Simulating Fresh and Salt Water Mixing in the Yangtze Estuary

For simulating fresh and salt water mixing in estuaries, a three dimensional nonlinear baroclinic numerical model is developed, in which the gradients of horizontal pressure contain the gradient of barotropic pressure arising from the gradi-ent of tidal level and the gradient of baroclinic pressure due to the gradient of salinity. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to descretize both the momentum equations of tidal motion and the equation of salt water diffusion so as to im-prove the computational stability and accuracy. The methods to provide the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are proposed, and the criterion for computational stability of the salinity fields is presented. The present model is used for modeling fresh and salt water mixing in the Yangtze Estuary. Computations show that the salinity distribution has the characteristics of partial mixing pattern, and that the present model is suitable for simulalion of fresh and salt waler mixing in ihe Yanglze Esluary.     

山东荣成砂坝潟湖下第四纪淡水资源

荣成沿岸砂坝-泻湖沉积体系之下、更新世沉积扇之中存在淡水资源。这对严重缺水的荣成沿岸有重要意义。冲积扇形成于第四纪冰期低海面时,冰后期海面上升使之部分地淹没,之后近岸水域演化为砂坝泻当湖。冲积扇的根部和中部是淡水的补给区,前缘以隔水层与上覆的海水和砂坝泻湖沉积隔开,保护淡水不受污染。山丘海岸具有类似条件的地区均有富存这种淡水的可能性。这为寻找沿岸地下淡水指出了新的方向。     

塔河油田普查地下淡水的地球物理工作模式

本文阐述了在塔河油田地下淡水普查工作过程中建立和应用的地球物理方法的工作模式。论述了建立工作模式的原则和应用效果,并提出了利用新技术找水的建议。     

Estimation of the inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal unconfined aquifers

ABSTRACT

The inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface toe is useful in studies of seawater intrusion in coastal areas. The submarine fresh groundwater discharge in coastal zones is affected not only by hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient of the aquifer, but also by the position of the interface. Two observation wells at different distances from the coast are required to calculate the fresh groundwater flow rate in coastal unconfined aquifers. By considering that the submarine groundwater discharge is equal to the groundwater flow rate, the length of the interface toe extending inland can be estimated when the groundwater flow is at a steady-flow state. Aquifers with horizontal and sloping confined beds and without/with unique surface vertical infiltration are considered. Examples used to illustrate the application of these methods indicate that the inland extending lengths of the interface toe in aquifers with vertical surface infiltration are much shorter than those in aquifers without vertical surface infiltration, and the length of the interface in aquifers with a horizontal confining lower bed are smaller than those in aquifers with a confining lower bed sloping towards the sea. The extent of the interface on the northwestern coast near the city of Beihai in southern Guangxi, China, on 18 January 2013 was estimated as 471–478 m.

Editor M.C. Acreman Associate editor not assigned     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)鲜样组织八种成分含量近红外(NIR)模型的建立

采用傅里叶变换近红外(FT-NIR)光谱技术,以94份具有代表性的长牡蛎鲜样组织样本的近红外(NIR)数据和其对应的化学真实值数据为基础,研究了NIR技术预测长牡蛎鲜样组织中水分、糖原、总蛋白质、总脂肪、锌、硒、牛磺酸和灰分8种成分含量的可行性,通过偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)建立了以上8种成分的NIR分析模型,并对模型进行了交互验证和外部验证。结果显示:该实验所建立的长牡蛎鲜样组织肉质性状8项主要指标中水分、糖原和总蛋白质3种成分的NIR模型具有良好的准确性和预测能力,建模集相关系数(RC)为0.9625—0.9902,交互验证相关系数(RCV)为0.9342—0.9863,外部验证的相关系数(REV)为0.9734—0.9915;但总脂肪、锌、硒、牛磺酸和灰分含量的建模效果不佳。实验结果表明,可以运用NIR技术快速、大批量地分析长牡蛎鲜样组织中的水分、糖原和总蛋白质3种成分含量;分析过程无需使用化学试剂,实验成本低,且对环境无污染。长牡蛎NIR多种成分含量模型的建立,对开展长牡蛎肉质分析、肉质性状选育、育种世代的鉴定及种质资源评价都有非常重要的意义。     

欧亚北部冬季增雪“影响”我国夏季气候异常的机理研究:欧洲冬季增雪的重要作用

在作者前期研究(穆松宁和周广庆, 2012)的基础之上, 本文主要利用了EOF分析和相关分析, 对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积(Total Fresh Snow Extent, 记为T_FSE)与我国夏季气候异常之间"隔季相关"的机理进行了更进一步的探讨, 主要目的在于寻找T_FSE气候效应的冬季增雪面积关键区。结果表明, 虽然欧洲中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以T_FSE-1表示)与我国夏季气候异常的关系不很显著, 但其变化维系了上述"隔季相关"的物理途径, 其变化对T_FSE的气候效应而言起关键作用, 但是, 亚洲中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以T_FSE-2表示)的贡献尚不清楚;另外, 对T_FSE的气候效应而言, 起作用的实际上是欧亚中纬冬季增雪面积(文中均以T_FSE-1-2表示), 其不但与我国夏季气候异常具有更显著的"隔季相关", 而且这种"隔季相关"还具有和T_FSE非常相似的、但更为清晰的物理途径, 因此, 在气候预测的意义上, T_FSE-1-2可替代T_FSE。     

全球二氧化碳循环的一维模式研究

本文用一个全球碳循环的一维模式重建了1860年以来的大气二氧化碳浓度。结果表明:(1) 模拟结果与冒纳罗亚（Mauna Loa）的观测结果之间存在极好的一致性；(2) 海洋虽然是人类活动释放的CO2的最重要的汇，但其作为碳汇的能力受到海洋缓冲效应的限制。海洋吸收CO2的速率还与某些响应过程密切相关；(3) 在全球碳循环中，生态系统的作用是双重的:人类活动对它的破坏使它成为CO2的源，而其对过量CO2的响应又使其成为CO2的一个汇。工业革命以来，人类对生态系统的破坏与其自身的恢复大致是同量级的；(4) 陆地生物圈缩短了整个碳循环系统对人为扰动的响应时间。     

黑色页岩化学风化程度指标研究

黑色页岩是一套化学组成变化大、成份分布极不均一的岩石。建立在化学组成相对均一的岩浆岩风化基础之上的化学风化指数如CIA(MIA)、CIW、CIX、PIA、STI、R、WIP、V、W等,因不能较好地把母岩化学组成变化与风化反应引起的化学变化区分开来,用于厘定黑色页岩的风化程度时,存在灵敏度低、与实际风化程度不相符等问题。故需要建立新的风化指数来厘定黑色页岩的风化程度。本文以湘中地区下寒武统新鲜和风化黑色页岩的主量元素分析为基础,利用单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析等方法,确定引起新鲜和风化黑色页岩化学组成差别的关键化学组分,并甄别其影响程度。建立影响黑色页岩风化程度的主量元素判别函数,进而构建厘定黑色页岩风化程度的化学风化指数。研究表明,引起新鲜和风化黑色页岩化学组成差别的主量元素,其影响程度依TiO_2Al_2O_3Fe_2O_3LOIMnOCaOSiO_2MgOK_2ONa_2OP_2O_5顺序而降低。以此为基础,构建厘定黑色页岩风化程度的化学风化指数为:WB=28.8×ln(SiO_2)+16.67×ln(TiO_2)+10.52×ln(Al_2O_3)+5.62×ln(Fe_2O_3)-2.01×ln(MgO)+4.10×ln(CaO)-4.24×ln(K_2O)-5.06×ln(Na_2O)+5.07×ln(LOI)-158.13。该风化指数(WB)能克服现有各风化指数的不足,适合用于厘定黑色页岩风化程度。     

山东龙口—莱州地区的海水入侵

大面积海水入侵(83.7—238.3km~2,占平原区总面积的18.6％—31.5％),宽1.5—6.0km过渡带的存在以及海水入侵区与地下水水位大幅度下降所形成的低于海平面的地区在分布上相互关联,是本区海水入侵的主要特点。阳离子交换则在海水入侵区地下水化学成分形成过程中起着重要作用。