地下淡水资源管理研究的发展方向

地下淡水资源管理研究是整个淡水资源管理研究的一个组成部分。淡水资源已在我国和世界上许多地方成为危机问题，今后十年内这个危机将更加严峻。研究解决淡水资源科学管理和利用是自然系统和环境问题科学研究内容之一，是当代科学技术的一个前沿问题。当代淡水资源管理研究方向：一是加强基础研究，即地球表层各圈层相互作用下的淡水资源形成发展规律研究；二是研究建立淡水资源管理新途径，其中重点新思路是加强基础建设和能力建设；三是继续加强与淡水资源管理和合理利用的各具体科学技术问题的研究和实际应用。     

全球二氧化碳循环的一维模式研究

本文用一个全球碳循环的一维模式重建了1860年以来的大气二氧化碳浓度。结果表明:(1) 模拟结果与冒纳罗亚（Mauna Loa）的观测结果之间存在极好的一致性；(2) 海洋虽然是人类活动释放的CO2的最重要的汇，但其作为碳汇的能力受到海洋缓冲效应的限制。海洋吸收CO2的速率还与某些响应过程密切相关；(3) 在全球碳循环中，生态系统的作用是双重的:人类活动对它的破坏使它成为CO2的源，而其对过量CO2的响应又使其成为CO2的一个汇。工业革命以来，人类对生态系统的破坏与其自身的恢复大致是同量级的；(4) 陆地生物圈缩短了整个碳循环系统对人为扰动的响应时间。     

海水入侵地区咸水与淡水分界面计算──B样条函数方法的应用

提出用Ｂ样条函数方法求解咸、淡水分界面的原理、方法和步骤，指出该方法原理简明、易于实现、计算可靠。作为实例，将此方法应用于莱州市滨海地区。     

Discussion on ‘The effect of fresh water flow on siltation in the Humber estuary, Northeast UK’ by Pontee NI, Whitehead PA and Hayes CM (ECSS vol. 60, 241–249)

This discussion identifies and presents recent data which show that suspended sediment concentrations in the macrotidal Humber–Trent–Ouse system are much higher, and extend further upstream, than originally presented. The importance of a link between tidal range, fresh water flow and recorded suspended sediment concentrations, is illustrated by reference to data collected under the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Land–Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) initiative (1992–1998). Data recorded at Burringham, on the River Trent upstream of Trent Falls show a clear link between tidal range and suspended sediment concentrations which is strongly influenced by the downstream flushing effects of high fresh water flow events. While the arguments presented in this discussion do not contradict the main findings in the original paper it is proposed that a better understanding of siltation in the Humber system may be promoted by understanding the behaviour of the turbidity maximum in this system and its related mobile sediment population. It is suggested that the rapid reduction in suspended sediment concentration brought about by sudden increases in fresh water flow is probably indicative of the highly canalised nature of the tidal reaches of the Trent and Ouse.     

山东荣成砂坝潟湖下第四纪淡水资源

荣成沿岸砂坝-泻湖沉积体系之下、更新世沉积扇之中存在淡水资源。这对严重缺水的荣成沿岸有重要意义。冲积扇形成于第四纪冰期低海面时,冰后期海面上升使之部分地淹没,之后近岸水域演化为砂坝泻当湖。冲积扇的根部和中部是淡水的补给区,前缘以隔水层与上覆的海水和砂坝泻湖沉积隔开,保护淡水不受污染。山丘海岸具有类似条件的地区均有富存这种淡水的可能性。这为寻找沿岸地下淡水指出了新的方向。     

Three Dimensional Baroclinic Numerical Model for Simulating Fresh and Salt Water Mixing in the Yangtze Estuary

For simulating fresh and salt water mixing in estuaries, a three dimensional nonlinear baroclinic numerical model is developed, in which the gradients of horizontal pressure contain the gradient of barotropic pressure arising from the gradi-ent of tidal level and the gradient of baroclinic pressure due to the gradient of salinity. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to descretize both the momentum equations of tidal motion and the equation of salt water diffusion so as to im-prove the computational stability and accuracy. The methods to provide the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are proposed, and the criterion for computational stability of the salinity fields is presented. The present model is used for modeling fresh and salt water mixing in the Yangtze Estuary. Computations show that the salinity distribution has the characteristics of partial mixing pattern, and that the present model is suitable for simulalion of fresh and salt waler mixing in ihe Yanglze Esluary.     

青岛小西湖春季原生动物生态的初步研究

报道了青岛小西湖春季原生动物群落的结构及变化,探讨了周丛原生动物各门类间、原生动物与其它周丛生物及原生动物与水体理化因子间的关系。根据生物指示种标定,青岛小西湖属富有机多污水体。同时利用多样性指数比较描述了该水体内原生动物的生态变化规律。     

塔河油田普查地下淡水的地球物理工作模式

本文阐述了在塔河油田地下淡水普查工作过程中建立和应用的地球物理方法的工作模式.论述了建立工作模式的原则和应用效果,并提出了利用新技术找水的建议.     

重庆南川三汇场寒武系碳酸盐岩中不同期次大气淡水作用的证据

多期构造叠加及多种成岩环境下的早古生代碳酸盐岩储集层形成机理十分复杂。重庆南川三汇场剖面寒武系碳酸盐岩出露完整,是研究沉积与成岩史的理想解剖点之一。研究表明,三汇场剖面寒武系白云岩分别经历了早期海水胶结、大气淡水淋滤、准同生白云岩化、中浅层埋藏、中期构造大气水作用、中晚期埋藏及热液作用和构造晚期表生大气水成岩作用,不同期次的大气淡水作用特征不同。在早成岩期,沿向上变浅的高频层序界面附近发育了鲕模孔、窗格溶孔等组构性溶孔,胶结物和充填物的δ¹⁸O、δ¹³C值均比同期海水负偏,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值与同期海水相近,不发光(CL),含有较小的液相包裹体;加里东晚期—海西期,发育了非组构扩溶孔洞缝,伴有氧化沥青,不发光充填物的δ¹⁸O、δ¹³C负偏、⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值正偏,发育含烃的低温不混溶包裹体,并叠加后期的深埋藏及热液成岩作用;燕山期和喜马拉雅期, 发育孤立的非组构溶蚀孔洞、缝洞,多被巨晶方解石或黏土充填,方解石中δ¹⁸O、δ¹³C强烈负偏($\delta^{13}C_{PDB}$=-4.6‰~-23.4‰,$\delta^{18}C_{PDB}$=-8.6‰~-17.8‰)、含有低温不混溶包裹体(<28.5℃),是有机质或生物甲烷(细)菌参于下的表生大气水成岩作用产物。     

Estimation of the inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal unconfined aquifers

ABSTRACT

The inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface toe is useful in studies of seawater intrusion in coastal areas. The submarine fresh groundwater discharge in coastal zones is affected not only by hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient of the aquifer, but also by the position of the interface. Two observation wells at different distances from the coast are required to calculate the fresh groundwater flow rate in coastal unconfined aquifers. By considering that the submarine groundwater discharge is equal to the groundwater flow rate, the length of the interface toe extending inland can be estimated when the groundwater flow is at a steady-flow state. Aquifers with horizontal and sloping confined beds and without/with unique surface vertical infiltration are considered. Examples used to illustrate the application of these methods indicate that the inland extending lengths of the interface toe in aquifers with vertical surface infiltration are much shorter than those in aquifers without vertical surface infiltration, and the length of the interface in aquifers with a horizontal confining lower bed are smaller than those in aquifers with a confining lower bed sloping towards the sea. The extent of the interface on the northwestern coast near the city of Beihai in southern Guangxi, China, on 18 January 2013 was estimated as 471–478 m.

Editor M.C. Acreman Associate editor not assigned