冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数的计算

推导了冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数计算方程,并编制了湿空气热物理参数计算程序。该程序能快速、精确地计算冷却物冷藏间内不同气流速度、不同气压的湿气热物理参数     

过去陆地生态系统碳储量估算研究

准确估算陆地生态系统碳储量并认识其空间分布和时间演变规律是碳循环研究的关键 问题。本文回顾了全球与中国陆地生态系统在碳储量估算研究方面的若干进展, 包括基于各种方 法和资料的主要估算结果及其尚存在的不确定性。重点评述了末次盛冰期和中全新世两个时期 陆地生态系统碳储量的变化及其影响因素, 对8.2kaB.P.以来全球大气CO₂ 浓度呈现升高的现象 及其可能原因进行了讨论。全新世中晚期全球大气CO₂ 浓度逐渐升高与旧大陆地区陆地生态系 统碳储量减少的事实是一致的, 新石器时期特别是农业文明开始以后人类活动对陆地植被的持 续干预可能是造成陆地生态系统碳储量减少的原因之一。     

上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析

分析上海中心城区河流水系1860~2003年变化情况,研究表明:①140余年来中心城区有历史记载河流消失至少310条段,总长超520 km,水面积减少约10.46 km²,水面率下降3.61%。中心城区所在水利片河流水系结构破坏,水系分枝比受河道消亡影响明显降低,水系分维数异常;②中心城区河流水系阶段性集中消亡,消亡驱动力因消亡时期而异;③初步估算,140余年来中心城区河道槽蓄容量减少超过2 029×10⁴m3、单位面积可调蓄容量减少5.06×10⁴m³/km²。河道槽蓄容量较百年前减少超过80%,城市河网调蓄能力明显削弱,且1950~1990年市政雨水泵站累积增加数目与同期区域内河道累积消失数量、长度和槽蓄容量间均呈显著正相关性。     

冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.     

Effect of connecting rain barrels on the storage size reduction

In this article, the possibility of sharing rain barrels and the potential benefit of reducing storage size through physical and non‐physical connections of rain barrels in a community are investigated. Using the concepts of homogeneous/heterogeneous users in rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS), two simple cases of a community composed of four prospective users are examined. The first is performed with the users who have the same mean and variance in water demands (homogeneous users), and the second is with the users with different means and variances (heterogeneous users). To take account for the rainfall characteristics in different places, historical records from six cities in the USA are used for storage–reliability–yield analysis. The result indicates that required total storage can be reduced by connecting multiple rain barrels. In addition, a significant difference is found between homogeneous and heterogeneous user groups. Homogeneous users do not achieve a substantial benefit from connecting their rain barrels; these users may even be disadvantaged by sharing. In contrast, heterogeneous users receive benefit by reducing the total required storage. Most benefit is expected between users with maximum difference in mean water demands. The reduction in storage size was as considerable as 37% in this study. The quantity of storage reduction depends on locations and target reliabilities. Knowledge of the benefits and limitations of rain barrel connections can improve RWHS performance through ability to customize a network plan for individual users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement of the channel routing module in SWAT

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the channel flow routing techniques used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) can be sometimes inappropriate for runoff simulation in small basins. Simulated hydrographs have a tendency to underestimate peak flows or may send a false signal during the recession periods when SWAT is applied to the Mihocheon Basin in South Korea. This was particularly evident for sub‐basins that had a short travel time of much less than a day. In order to enhance the channel routing module in SWAT, an alternative routing technique in which Manning relationship is combined with a simple channel reach continuity equation is proposed in the present study. The advantage of the proposed routing technique is that parameters are readily available from channel morphological data and that it is applicable to small basins. Through simulations of specific events, this routing module that is incorporated into SWAT is almost free from instability errors and produces realistic flow depths and velocities unlike the original version of SWAT with Muskingum method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stream nitrate uptake and transient storage over a gradient of geomorphic complexity,north‐central Colorado,USA

The understanding of nutrient uptake in streams is impeded by a limited understanding of how geomorphic setting and flow regime interact with biogeochemical processing. This study investigated these interactions as they relate to transient storage and nitrate uptake in small agricultural and urban streams. Sites were selected across a gradient of channel conditions and management modifications and included three 180‐m long geomorphically distinct reaches on each of two streams in north‐central Colorado. The agricultural stream has been subject to historically variable cattle‐grazing practices, and the urban stream exhibits various levels of stabilisation and planform alteration. Reach‐scale geomorphic complexity was characterised using highly detailed surveys of channel morphology, substrate, hydraulics and habitat units. Breakthrough‐curve modelling of conservative bromide (Br^?) and nonconservative nitrate (NO₃^?) tracer injections characterised transient storage and nitrate uptake along each reach. Longitudinal roughness and flow depth were positively associated with transient storage, which was related to nitrate uptake, thus underscoring the importance of geomorphic influences on stream biogeochemical processes. In addition, changes in geomorphic characteristics due to temporal discharge variation led to complex responses in nitrate uptake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy balance and evaporation loss of an agricultural reservoir in a semi‐arid climate (south‐eastern Spain)

A typical agricultural water reservoir (AWR) of 2400 m² area and 5 m depth, located in a semi‐arid area (southern Spain), was surveyed on a daily basis for 1 year. The annual evaporation flux was 102·7 W m^?2, equivalent to an evaporated water depth of 1310 mm year^?1. The heat storage rate G exhibited a clear annual cycle with a peak gain in April (G ～ 45 W m^?2) and a peak loss in November (G ～ 40 W m^?2), leading to a marked annual hysteretic trend when evaporation (λE) was related to net radiation (R_n). λE was strongly correlated with the available energy A, representing 91% of the annual AWR energy loss. The sensible heat flux H accounted for the remaining 9%, leading to an annual Bowen ratio in the order of 0·10. The equilibrium and advective evaporation terms of the Penman formula represented 76 and 24%, respectively, of the total evaporation, corresponding to a annual value of the Priestley–Taylor (P–T) coefficient (α) of 1·32. The P–T coefficient presented a clear seasonal pattern, with a minimum of 1·23 (July) and a maximum of 1·65 (December), indicating that, during periods of limited available energy, AWR evaporation increased above the potential evaporation as a result of the advection process. Overall, the results stressed that accurate prediction of monthly evaporation by means of the P–T formula requires accounting for both the annual cycle of storage and the advective component. Some alternative approaches to estimating R_n, G and α are proposed and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of dam and lakes on the Yangtze River streamflow: long‐range correlation and complexity analyses

Employing long‐range correlation, complexity features and clustering, this study investigated the influence of dam and lake‐river systems on the Yangtze River flow. The impact of the Gezhouba Dam and the lake systems on streamflow was evaluated by analysing daily streamflow records at the Cuntan, the Yichang and the Datong station. Results indicated no evident influence of the Gezhouba Dam on streamflow changes. Distinct differences in scaling behaviour, long‐range correlation and clustering of streamflow at the Datong station when compared with those at the Cuntan and Yichang stations undoubtedly showed the influence of water storage and the buffering effect of the lake systems between the Datong station and other two hydrological stations on streamflow in the lower Yangtze River basin. Decreased regularity, enhanced long‐range correlation and increased clustering of streamflow in the lower Yangtze River basin due to the effect of water storage of the lake systems were corroborated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.