Assessment of intermediate fine sediment storage in a braided river reach (southern French Prealps)

This paper presents a field investigation on river channel storage of fine sediments in an unglaciated braided river, the Bès River, located in a mountainous region in the southern French Prealps. Braided rivers transport a very large quantity of bedload and suspended sediment load because they are generally located in the vicinity of highly erosive hillslopes. Consequently, these rivers play an important role because they supply and control the sediment load of the entire downstream fluvial network. Field measurements and aerial photograph analyses were considered together to evaluate the variability of fine sediment quantity stored in a 2·5‐km‐long river reach. This study found very large quantities of fine sediment stored in this reach: 1100 t per unit depth (1 dm). Given that this reach accounts for 17% of the braided channel surface area of the river basin, the quantities of fine sediment stored in the river network were found to be approximately 80% of the mean annual suspended sediment yields (SSYs) (66 200 t year^?1), comparable to the SSYs at the flood event scale: from 1000 t to 12 000 t depending on the flood event magnitude. These results could explain the clockwise hysteretic relationships between suspended sediment concentrations and discharges for 80% of floods. This pattern is associated with the rapid availability of the fine sediments stored in the river channel. This study shows the need to focus on not only the mechanisms of fine sediment production from hillslope erosion but also the spatiotemporal dynamics of fine sediment transfer in braided rivers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and elementary realization of the Vision Earth System

The Vision Earth System is a interactive system by employing B/S model. The system has the function of query display and mutuaUy displays relevant geologic information, integrating image information of one outcrop and realizing 3D geologic visualization. In this system, the basis is effective store, transmitting, display and quick query of enormous images and their properties data. From Java technology, this essay researches the elementary realization of Vision Earth System by adopting store formality of enormous images database,quick display image of website and quick image storage method.     

Lateral flow thresholds for aspen forested hillslopes on the Western Boreal Plain,Alberta, Canada

To predict the long‐term sustainability of water resources on the Boreal Plain region of northern Alberta, it is critical to understand when hillslopes generate runoff and connect with surface waters. The sub‐humid climate (P ≤ ET) and deep glacial sediments of this region result in large available soil storage capacity relative to moisture surpluses or deficits, leading to threshold‐dependent rainfall‐runoff relationships. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted using large magnitude and high intensity applications to examine the thresholds in precipitation and soil moisture that are necessary to generate lateral flow from hillslope runoff plots representative of Luvisolic soils and an aspen canopy. Two adjacent plots (areas of 2·95 and 3·4 m²) of contrasting antecedent moisture conditions were examined; one had tree root uptake excluded for two months to increase soil moisture content, while the second plot allowed tree uptake over the growing season resulting in drier soils. Vertical flow as drainage and soil moisture storage dominated the water balances of both plots. Greater lateral flow occurred from the plot with higher antecedent moisture content. Results indicate that a minimum of 15–20 mm of rainfall is required to generate lateral flow, and only after the soils have been wetted to a depth of 0·75 m (C‐horizon). The depth and intensity of rainfall events that generated runoff > 1 mm have return periods of 25 years or greater and, when combined with the need for wet antecendent conditions, indicate that lateral flow generation on these hillslopes will occur infrequently. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ARM和FPGA在水声浮标数据采集存储中的应用

介绍了ARM(advanced RISC machines,英国电子公司)和FPGA(可编程逻辑阵列)在水声浮标(文中简称新型浮标)数据采集存储中的应用。利用FPGA丰富的硬件资源实现新型浮标系统多通道同步采样,并在ARM模块中移植Windows FAT32文件系统,嵌入USB底层驱动,实现采集数据的高速存储。描述了系统设计与实现,并对该数据采集存储系统进行了通道隔离度、动态范围、系统自噪声和功耗等指标测试。实验结果表明,该系统通道隔离度90d B(参考1V);动态范围≥110d B(参考1V);系统自噪声≤40d B(参考1 n V);系统总功耗为4.2 W。     

湖北交通运输大数据存储应用平台设计与实现

针对当前湖北省交通运输数据的存储管理与应用瓶颈,结合目前大数据技术的发展背景,本文基于Hadoop生态体系设计与实现了针对湖北交通运输业务的大数据存储分析平台。文中从总体架构、存储结构、扩展架构、数据接入与治理、分布式任务调度的设计实现到平台的应用场景进行了论述,并使用10年的高速公路数据与具体业务场景对平台进行了存储与效率实验。实验结果表明,相比传统关系型数据库,该平台在数据存储、查询计算方面均具有非常明显的优越性。     

陆面过程模型中垂直非均匀土壤的水分传输及相变的模拟

土壤湿度在陆气相互作用中的重要性体现在它既能影响陆地和大气之间水循环的速率, 又能改变地表的能量分配。本文针对陆面过程模型中描述土壤湿度变化的方程进行了理论分析, 指出在非均匀土壤和冻土中采用土壤水势梯度描述垂直非均匀土壤水分流动的合理性。基于描述土壤内部水热传输的统一土壤模型, 并利用推广的表征土壤水分特征的Clapp-Hornberger关系式, 研究了非冻结和冻结的土壤湿度对于垂直非均匀土壤的敏感性。结果表明, 由土壤质地决定的土壤水势和导水率对土壤湿度的模拟有重要的影响。具体地, 在决定土壤性质的Clapp-Hornberger关系式中, 与土壤质地有关的饱和水势、饱和导水率以及土壤孔隙大小分布指数B, 对土壤湿度的模拟起到了关键作用。参数B的重要性尤为突出, 它的增加会引起导水率的大大下降, 从而对水分在土壤中的垂直分布产生重要影响。饱和水势的绝对值和参数B的增加会使得土壤水势绝对值增加明显, 使土壤的结冰(融化)过程延迟, 土壤温度因为没有结冰(融化)释放(吸收)的潜热加热(冷却)而持续下降(上升), 因此在冻融时期土壤温度会比观测值振幅偏大。上述结果揭示了考虑土壤垂直非均匀性并采用有效的土壤特性参数对于陆面过程模型的重要性。     

MARS软件在数值预报模式产品数据管理中的应用

该文简单介绍MARS (Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System) 软件的架构及组成部分,并基于MARS软件,介绍了数值预报产品数据管理系统设计与实现。通过在GRIB2数据段对应描述层次类型和气象要素的表格文件中定义新的层次类型和气象要素,在MARS软件解析GRIB2数据所需要查找的相关模板表格文件中定义气象要素对应的产品类型号、要素类别号、要素号、要素名称和要素名称缩写,说明GRIB2数据模板和代码表创建方法。以GRAPES模式产品GRIB2数据为例,实现应用MARS软件管理GRAPES模式产品GRIB2数据。结合存储管理TSM (Tivoli Storage Manager) 软件,研究开发MARS软件和TSM软件连接接口程序,实现数据的直接迁移和回调。以T639L60模式产品为例,通过测试检索性能,MARS软件检索数值预报产品速度超过当前国家级气象数据管理系统数据检索速度1倍,说明MARS软件检索数值预报产品数据具有时效优势。     

低温雨雪过程的粒子群-神经网络预报模型

利用逐日气温和降水量数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及预报场资料,通过分析提取我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程及其预报因子,使用粒子群-神经网络方法建立非线性的统计集合预报模型 (PSONN-EPM),对我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程进行预报试验。结果表明:以过程的冷湿程度及影响范围为标准,将低温雨雪过程分为一般过程和严重过程,并建立不同的预报模型效果较好。通过10 d独立样本预报试验看,基于粒子群-神经网络方法建立的集合预报模型比基于逐步回归方法建立的预报模型的预报平均相对误差小,对严重过程预报能力高于对一般过程预报,且这种非线性统计集合建模方法在建模过程中不需要调整神经网络参数,在实际预报业务中值得尝试。     

南海西部盐水层CO2埋存潜力评估

南海西部东方1-1、崖城13-1和乐东等气田具有CO2含量高的特点,每年从生产出的天然气中分离出大量的CO2。为了减少CO2在大气中的排放,考虑在莺歌海地区选择合适的盐水层埋存体,拟进行CO2地质埋存示范工程。根据CO2在盐水层中的各种埋存机理,并考虑盐水层构造特征对CO2运移分布的影响,提出了一种较为准确的CO2埋存潜力评估方法,并利用此方法对筛选出的5个备选盐水层进行了评估。评估结果表明,各盐水层埋存潜力巨大,都远远大于示范工程期限内预计的CO2埋存总量,并可将这些盐水层作为将来海南省及临近广东省人为CO2的埋存场所。南海西部东方1-1、崖城13-1和乐东等气田具有CO2含量高的特点,每年从生产出的天然气中分离出大量的CO2。为了减少CO2在大气中的排放,考虑在莺歌海地区选择合适的盐水层埋存体,拟进行CO2地质埋存示范工程。根据CO2在盐水层中的各种埋存机理,并考虑盐水层构造特征对CO2运移分布的影响,提出了一种较为准确的CO2埋存潜力评估方法,并利用此方法对筛选出的5个备选盐水层进行了评估。评估结果表明,各盐水层埋存潜力巨大,都远远大于示范工程期限内预计的CO2埋存总量,并可将这些盐水层作为将来海南省及临近广东省人为CO2的埋存场所。