Climatology of Ozone, PAN, CO, and NMHC in the Free Troposphere Over the Southern North Atlantic

Free tropospheric measurements of ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate andprecursors (CO, NMHC) that were made within the framework of the EUROTRACsub-project TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) between 1990 and 1995 at theGAW station Izana, Tenerife (28°18N, 16°30W) arediscussed. The average annual cycles reveal the importance of transport fromnorthern mid-latitudes and the role of photo-chemistry. According toair-mass trajectories, which were supplied to us from AEROCE(Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment), transport from northernmid-latitudes is associated with high precursor concentrations in winter,whereas ozone concentrations in winter are not much influenced by transportpatterns, suggesting a rather uniform distribution over the northern part ofthe Northern Hemisphere around mean value of 43 ± 5 ppb. In summer,high ozone concentrations of up to 90 ppb are often encountered duringtransport from north, while the levels of precursors are much lower than inwinter, because of photochemical destruction. Trajectories from southerlylatitudes and the Sahara usually have the lowest ozone concentrationsassociated with them.     

河北省极值气温变化特征

利用河北省60个气象观测站资料,对全省近50年极值气温变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:极端最高气温线性变化趋势不明显,但年代际变化特征突出,而极端最低气温线性升高趋势明显。低于-30℃的极端寒冷日呈线性减少趋势,而高于40℃的极端炎热日线性变化趋势不明显,但年代际变化特征突出,20世纪90年代后期以来呈多发的特点。最低气温出现偏冷段(-10℃)的天数呈线性减少趋势,出现在偏暖段(20～30℃)的天数呈线性增加趋势,在其他界限气温的天数变化趋势不明显。最高气温出现在偏冷段(-30～0℃)的天数呈明显减少趋势,在其他界限气温的天数变化趋势不明显。河北省无霜期、无冰冻期均呈明显延长趋势,平均每10年分别延长4.5天、4.6天。年平均最高气温、最低气温和平均气温都呈显著的线性升高趋势,平均每10年分别升高0.21℃、0.45℃、0.30℃,低温升温速率明显大于高温升温速率。日较差呈逐年减小趋势,平均每10年减小0.25℃。空间上最低气温表现为全省明显升高,而最高气温升温主要集中在中北部和东部沿海地区,南部升温不明显,日较差大部分地区为逐渐减小趋势。     

RTK在大比例尺地形图航测数字化测图中的应用

结合某开发区1：2000地形图航测数字化测图工程，探讨了采用GPSRTK的自由基站二步法拟合方式测量航外像控点（平高点），实施大比例尺地形图野外检测的可行性。对比测量实验表明，该方式在像控点要求的特定位置不仅能保证平面精度，也可以保证高程精度；与常规的RTK相比，该方式具有基站设置位置灵活、不需单独提前解算基准转换参数，以及显著提高工效等优点。     

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

Comparison of Different Generation Mechanisms of Free Convection between Two Stations on the Tibetan Plateau

Based on high-quality data from eddy covariance measurements at the Qomolangma Monitoring and Research Station for Atmosphere and Environment(QOMS) and the Southeast Tibet Monitoring and Research Station for Environment(SETS),near-ground free convection conditions(FCCs) and their characteristics are investigated. At QOMS, strong thermal effects accompanied by lower wind speeds can easily trigger the occurrence of FCCs. The change of circulation from prevailing katabatic glacier winds to prevailing upslope winds and the oscillation of upslope winds due to cloud cover are the two main causes of decreases in wind speed at QOMS. The analysis of results from SETS shows that the most important trigger mechanism of FCCs is strong solar heating. Turbulence structural analysis using wavelet transform indicates that lowerfrequency turbulence near the ground emerges from the detected FCCs both at QOMS and at SETS. It should be noted that the heterogeneous underlying surface at SETS creates large-scale turbulence during periods without the occurrence of FCCs. Regarding datasets of all seasons, the distribution of FCCs presents different characteristics during monsoonal and non-monsoonal periods.     

CFD approach to roll damping of ship with bilge keel with experimental validation

The most common method of reducing roll motion of ship-shaped floating systems is the use of bilge keel which act as damping elements. The estimation of the damping introduced by bilge keel is still largely based on empirical methods. The present work adopts the CFD approach to the estimation of roll damping, both without and with bilge keel and validates the results with experiments conducted in a wave flume. Specifically, free oscillation tests are conducted at model scale to obtain roll damping, both by experiments and CFD simulation and reasonably good comparisons are obtained. The experiments also include PIV study of the flow field and attempt has been made to correlate the measured flow field with that obtained by CFD. The CFD methodology has the potential to determine rationally the size and orientation of bilge keels in design with reasonably accurate estimate of the additional roll damping that it provides to ship's roll motion.     

Growth rates and ecology of coralline rhodoliths from the Ras Ghamila back reef lagoon,Red Sea

Rhodoliths are important marine carbonate producers that provide habitat for several marine organisms, and are threatened by ongoing global climate change. Meter‐sized sedimentary patches rich in living rhodoliths, interspersed among corals, were discovered in the back reef of Ras Ghamila lagoon, Southern Sinai, at less than 1 m water depth. In this shallow and relatively sheltered subtropical environment, rhodoliths were found to be monospecific or oligospecific, spheroidal, 3.5 to 9.4 cm in maximum diameter, with warty/lumpy or fruticose (protuberance degree IV) growth forms, and corresponded to the unattached branches or praline type. They grew in bright light under seasonal, moderate, wind‐driven water motion. The dominant rhodolith‐forming species recorded were: Lithophyllum kotschyanum, Porolithon onkodes, Hydrolithon sp. and three species of Neogoniolithon: Neogoniolithon fosliei, Neogoniolithon brassica‐florida, and an undescribed species noted in the text as Neogoniolithon sp. A total of 38 Alizarin‐stained rhodoliths was released in the field and collected after 1 year. They showed different banding patterns (alternating long and short cells) that revealed seasonal growth, with the lowest rates occurring in winter for all species, and an additional summer growth slackening in Neogoniolithon fosliei. Lithophyllum kotschyanum presented evidence of occasional growth cessation, possibly due to temporary burial. The observed annual growth rate of rhodoliths was unrelated to their size. The mean accretion rates were 1.08 mm · year^?1 in L. kotschyanum, 0.75 mm · year^?1 in P. onkodes, 0.49 mm · year^?1 in Hydrolithon sp., 0.85 mm mm · year^?1 in N. fosliei, 0.63 mm · year^?1 in N. brassica‐florida and 0.57 mm · year^?1 in Neogoniolithon sp. The annual mean marginal elongation rate for these taxa was respectively 8.74, 13.92, 3.59, 9.40 and 9.25 mm · year^?1, with the exception of Neogoniolithon sp., for which this parameter was not recorded. Maximum marginal elongation occurred in P. onkodes pointing out its greater ability as a space competitor in comparison with the other rhodolith species. The highest accretion rate and common presence of L. kotschyanum indicate its importance as carbonate producer in tropical reef.     

移动地图制图的句法模型

采用形式语言的方法,研究了移动地图制图的句法模型。剖析了移动地图制图的过程,将句法模型定位在制图的逻辑演算层面;结合地图表达的层次性和递归性特征,将移动地图制图的句法结构抽象为"制图词汇+句法规则"的最简形式。在制图词汇方面,建立了制图词汇的分类体系,并重点对空间关系谓词系统进行了建模;在句法规则方面,描述了句法操作规则和不同层次的句法单位描述规则。探讨了句法模型的编译流程和关键技术,并通过试验对移动地图制图句法模型的可行性进行了验证。句法模型的本质是一种使用有限规则和词汇动态生成不同地图表达形式的形式语言语法,可作为一种高阶的人机交互制图接口。     

Growth Dynamics in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile

Abstract. Amounts of photosynthate in the rhizomes, in photosynthetically inactive basal parts of the leaves and different old leaf blades were examined. Winter leaf growth was supported by mobilisation of starch in the rhizome. This winter growth enables Posidonia oceanica to utilize the increased energy influx in early spring via the substantial leaf area already developed and to approach highest productivity in spring. During summer and autumn considerable concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were found in the leaves and rhizomes. Starch was stored in the rhizomes in concentrations of up to 6.8 % of dry weight. Levels of nitrogen and free amino acids were correlated with growth rates. The percentage of total nitrogen present as free amino acid-nitrogen decreased from November (35 %) to summer (less than 1 %), by which time leaf growth had stopped. In contrast to this, amounts of organic anions were low in winter and spring and reached their maximum in summer.
Within a shoot, sites of leaf growth were characterized by high amounts of total nitrogen and free amino acids (innermost leaves), while carbon Fixation was highest in the leaves #2–#4. Particularly high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were found midway along leaf blades.
It is evident that this unusual growth rhythm of Posidonia oceanica was only possible because of the ability to store considerable amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the rhizomes.
The results of this investigation demonstrate on the one hand that the chemical composition of the plant is strongly correlated with growth and production, and on the other hand that it is dependent on environmental factors, such as energy influx and temperature, which change with season.