用LAI监测植被信息分析飞蝗生境

东亚飞蝗自20世纪80年代以来在我国再度猖獗危害。本文选择国家一类蝗区河北省黄骅市为实验区,用植被冠层孔隙度反演了该地区不同植被的LAI。从光学模型建立机理及数量分析的角度,分析和对比了四种由植被冠层孔隙度反演LAI的算法。结果表明,在四种估算方法中LAI-2000算法最适用于研究区植被LAI的估算。为了验证分析结果,用实测的植被盖度与四种算法反演的LAI进行了拟合。发现LAI与植被盖度之间呈明显的正相关关系,且LAI-2000算法最能反映研究区的植被特征。在此基础上,建立了LAI与飞蝗发生面积的关系模型,发现两者之间呈负线性相关,即随着LAI的减小,飞蝗的发生面积呈线性增大。研究结果为实时、快速、大面积监测蝗虫种群动态奠定了基础,并为合理、经济地防治蝗灾提供了科学依据。     

洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物有机磷分布特征及外源输入对其形态转化的影响

为探究洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物有机磷的空间分布及外源输入对其形态转化的影响,本文利用Ivanoff法开展有机磷形态特征研究,并通过实验室添加常见外源有机质和铁离子,深入探讨外源物质对沉积物有机磷形态变化的长期影响.研究结果表明,洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物有机磷含量范围为34.8～398.6 mg/kg,占总磷的7.7%～36.9%,其中非活性有机磷(NOP)中活性有机磷(MLOP)活性有机磷(LOP).濉河沉积物LOP平均占比为19.4%,高于其他河流,而成子河NOP平均占比最高,为56.41%,表明有机磷的空间分布不均匀.总体而言,安河和濉河沉积物中总氮、总磷和有机磷含量显著高于成子河和淮河,显示前两条河流有较高的污染水平.冗余分析表明河流沉积物有机磷形态明显受到其理化性质影响,而不同污染程度沉积物的影响因素有所不同.外源物质添加能够活化沉积物的有机磷,促使NOP向LOP和MLOP转化,有机质输入引起的沉积物有机磷形态变化要大于铁元素输入,而外源物质输入对污染较重河流沉积物的有机磷转化作用更为显著.因此,减少入湖河流周边的外源污染排放是减少湖泊生物可利用磷的有效途径.     

A probabilistic model for sediment entrainment:The role of bed irregularity

A generalized probabilistic model is developed in this study to predict sediment entrainment under the incipient motion, rolling, and pickup modes. A novelty of the proposed model is that it incorporates in its formulation the probability density function of the bed shear stress, instead of the near-bed velocity fluctuations, to account for the effects of both flow turbulence and bed surface irregularity on sediment entrainment. The proposed model incorporates in its formulation the collective effects of three para-meters describing bed surface irregularity, namely the relative roughness, the volumetric fraction and relative position of sediment particles within the active layer. Another key feature of the model is that it provides a criterion for estimating the lift and drag coefficients jointly based on the recognition that lift and drag forces acting on sediment particles are interdependent and vary with particle protrusion and packing density. The model was validated using laboratory data of both fine and coarse sediment and was compared with previously published models. The study results show that all the examined models perform adequately for the fine sediment data, where the sediment particles have more uniform gra-dation and relative roughness is not a factor. The proposed model was particularly suited for the coarse sediment data, where the increased bed irregularity was captured by the new parameters introduced in the model formulation. As a result, the proposed model yielded smaller prediction errors and physically acceptable values for the lift coefficient compared to the other models in case of the coarse sediment data.     

草原矿区长时序植被覆盖度变化趋势对比分析

呼伦贝尔草原区生态脆弱,在人类活动和气候等因素影响下草原生态变化备受关注。本文以宝日希勒矿区及周边为研究区,应用1985-2015年Landsat年度最大合成NDVI数据,采用像元二分模型反演植被覆盖度;分别利用一元线性回归法和Sen+Mann-Kendall法对研究区植被覆盖度趋势和空间差异进行了对比分析。结果表明：两种方法得到的植被变化趋势基本一致,Sen+Mann-Kendall方法相较于一元线性回归法对植被覆盖度改善和退化反应更为敏感。研究结果有助于科学评价长时序煤炭开发活动对地表生态的影响并为长时序植被变化监测提供方法参考。     

孤立波作用下植物带消浪效果影响因素分析

近岸植物带能有效削弱波浪作用,植物带消浪影响因素分析对布置护岸工程、维护岸线稳定有重要意义。在模型实验基础上,探究相对波高、模型相对宽度、模型相对高度和体积分数对透射系数的影响。设置波浪水槽试验,研究孤立波在不同水深、入射波高及植物排布方式等组合条件下对植物消浪效果的影响。采用遗传编程法得出各复杂度下的透射系数计算公式,并分析各参数在方程中的表现情况,发现遗传编程能定性给出参数的敏感度。相比于非线性回归拟合结果,遗传编程方法得到的函数关系更加精确。采用人工神经网络方法进一步分析与验证各影响因素对植物消浪效果的影响程度,结果表明人工神经网络得出的结果与遗传编程方法相近,体积分数对消浪效果起主导作用。     

基于GF-1 WFV影像的黄河口湿地植被盖度估测及分析

植被盖度是植被生长状况的重要定量指标,而目前开展的植被盖度遥感估测工作主要集中在陆地区域,对河口湿地植被盖度遥感估测工作比较少见。本文基于国产GF-1 WFV遥感影像开展了黄河口湿地植被盖度估算,并结合植被类型、土壤盐度和植被指数分布状况开展了植被盖度分布特征分析,得到如下结论:（1）基于GF-1 WFV卫星影像的NDVI、SRI、SAVI、MSAVI和DVI 5种植被指数,分别建立植被盖度估测模型,其中基于NDVI、SRI、MSAVI和DVI 4种植被指数建立的多变量线性回归模型估测精度最好,其决定系数（R2）最大,为0.904,均方根误差RMSE最小,为0.14;（2）植被盖度估算模型的精度与植被盖度本身有一定的关系,其中各植被盖度回归模型中,盖度大于0.8时估算精度要优于盖度小于0.6的区域,RMSE最大相差0.04;（3）以潮滩碱蓬和潮滩芦苇为主的植被覆盖区属于低植被盖度区,盖度位于0.03~0.5,盐度在1.5 g/L左右;芦苇草甸、互花米草和柽柳灌丛植被覆盖区属于高植被盖度区,盖度位于0.8~1.0,其中芦苇草甸土壤盐度小于1.2 g/L,柽柳灌丛土壤盐度在1.4~2.0 g/L,在高盖度植被区混生有中等盖度的植被,盖度在0.5~0.8,土壤盐度在1.8 g/L左右。     

A simple and direct method to analyse the influences of sampling fractions on modelling intra-city human mobility

Sampling fraction is crucial to sampling-related studies and applications, especially in the big data era when most data are neither originally designed nor controllable in the data collection process. A common concern among researchers is ‘what’s the modelling accuracy when using a sample?’. Taking intra-city human mobility as the study objective, this study utilizes a simple and direct method to analyse the influences of various sampling fractions on modelling accuracy. Five common intra-city human mobility indicators (travel distance, travel time, travel frequency, radius of gyration and movement entropy) are evaluated considering mean value, median and probability distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that the representativeness of each considered indicator converges to 1 in its own unique rate and variances. The minimum required sampling fractions to satisfy specific accuracies differ for various indicators and evaluation measures. To further investigate how related factors influence the modelling accuracy of sampling fractions, additional experiments are conducted considering multiple sampling methods, study scopes, and data sources. Several interesting general findings are observed. This study provides a reference for other sampling-based applications.     

基于遥感的漳平市杉松林地表可燃物负荷量估测

 杉木林和马尾松是分布于漳平市的两种易燃的可燃物类型。其可燃物负荷量的多少决定着林火行为。在利用ASTER计算杉木林小班平均植被覆盖度的基础上估算其郁闭度,通过与地面调查结果比较分析,校正已发生明显变化的小班郁闭度。根据已有估测方程,结合小班数据中的年龄、胸径和树高等因子对杉木地表可燃物负荷量进行了估测,据此对各杉木小班的燃烧性、燃烧强度及火险等级等因素进行初步评价。最后对漳平市另一易燃的可燃物马尾松类型开展地表可燃物负荷量估测及分析。     

Relationships between heavy metals and iron oxides,fulvic acids,particle size fractions in urban roadside soils

Urban roadside soils are the “recipients” of large amounts of heavy metals from a variety of sources including vehicle emissions, coal burning waste and other activities. The behavior of heavy metals in urban roadside soils depends on the occurrence as well as the total amount. Accordingly, knowledge of the interactions between heavy metals and other constituents in the soil is required to judge their environmental impact. In this study, correlations of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Se, Ni, Cr and Ba) to iron extracted using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) buffer (Fe_DCB), fulvic acids and particle size fractions were examined from the Xuzhou urban roadside soils. Heavy metals except for Cr and fulvic acids had a positive significant correlation with Fe_DCB, indicating these metals and fulvic acids are principally associated with the surfaces of iron oxides of the soils. Significant positive correlations were also found between the contents of fulvic acids and heavy metals, showing these heavy metals (especially for Cu, Ni and Cr) form stable complexes with fulvic acids. Such finding is of importance with regard to the increased mobilization of heavy metals, e.g., into freshwater ecosystems. Ag, Se and Cr are independent of particle size fractions because of their low concentrations of Ag and Se in the studied soils. Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Ag are mainly enriched in the finer soil particles (especially <16 μm).     

EVALUATION OF GEOCHEMICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN DETERMINATION OF Mn IN SOILS USING A SEQUENTIAL CHEMICAL EXTRACTION

Sequential chemical extraction procedure has been widely used to partition particulate trace metals into vari-ous fractions and to describe the distribution and the statue of trace metals in geo-environment.One sequential chemical extraction procedure was employed here to partition various fractions of Mn in soils.The experiment was designed with quality controlling concept in order to show sampling and analytical error.Experimental results obtained on duplicate analy-sis of all soil samples demonstrated that the precision was less than 10%(at 95% confidence level).The accuracy was estimated by comparing the accepted total concentration of Mn in standard reference materials (SRMs) with the measured sum of the individual fractions.The recovery of Mn from SRM1 and SRM2 was 94.1% and 98.4%,respectively.The detection limit,accuracy and precision of the sequential chemical extraction procedure were discussed in detailed.All the results suggest that the trueness of the analytical method is satisfactory.