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91.
从交通问题的对偶规划出发, 引入由Beckmann 和Wallance, Golob 和Beckman 等提出的不确定性效用方法, 建立交通问题和双约束重力模型的关系。证明当旅行者效用概率分布密度函数的标准差趋于零时, 双约束重力模型中的距离摩擦系数趋于正无穷, 由双约束重力模型确定的旅行分布使得总的交通成本达到最小。在这种关系中, 双约束重力模型中平衡因子的作用是市场调整旅行终点服务价格进而调整旅行者消费者剩余的结果。通过建立的分 析方法对北京、上海、广州、西安、武汉、成都和昆明等七个城市间航空交通的应用, 发现多数航线的模拟较好。结果表明各终点的差异性、消费者偏好的不同、交通工具的替代性和旅行目的之差异性等可以导致一些较大的误差, 这些差异性可以采用对起终点对的单位交通费用的调整来体现, 从而达到较好的模拟和分析效果。 相似文献
92.
以西北半干旱地区的内蒙古农牧交错地带锡林郭勒盟为研究区,以不同退化程度的草地为研究对象,通过叶面积指数计算各像元的动力传输粗糙度长度,以改进显热通量算法;并结合植被/土壤组分温度分别计算基于亚像元的植被/土壤的显热通量。由敏感性分析和模型验证表明,改进的显热通量算法能够提高区域尺度的能量平衡计算精度。 相似文献
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利用2005年12月7~29日在兰州市皋兰山顶获取的地气相互作用观测资料,对比分析了冬季典型晴天和平均状态下绿化地与裸地地表辐射、能量收支及土壤温、湿度的日变化特征。结果表明:绿化地和裸地太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射很接近,地表短波和长波向上辐射因不同下垫面特征不同而差异较大;地表能量平衡绿化地、裸地均以感热输送为主,土壤热通量和潜热输送很小,尤其是潜热通量,峰值往往不超过10 W.m-2;观测发现绿化地感热比裸地高,这一反常现象值得进一步研究证实;观测期平均特征与晴天比较接近,表明云和降雪的扰动影响有限;绿化地、裸地地表日平均反照率相对稳定,绿化地日平均反照率在0.20~0.28之间变化,裸地在0.25~0.31之间变化,平均值分别为0.21和0.29。 相似文献
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Martin Wegehenkel 《水文研究》2005,19(6):1139-1164
The validation of soil water balance models and the evaluation of the quality of the model predictions at field‐scale require time‐series of in situ measured model outputs. In our study, we have validated such a model using a 6‐year period with time‐series of automatically recorded, daily volumetric soil water contents measured with the time‐domain reflectometry with intelligent microelements (TRIME) method and daily pressure heads measured with tensiometers. The comparisons of simulated with measured soil water contents and pressure heads were analysed using the modelling efficiency index (IA) and the square root of the mean square error (RMSE) in order to evaluate the prediction quality of the model. In our study, IA and RMSE, obtained either from the comparison of simulated with measured soil water contents or the comparison of calculated with observed pressure heads, in some cases lead to different results regarding the evaluation of the simulation quality of the soil water balance model. For example, a good fit between simulated and observed soil water contents does not necessarily result in a comparably good fit between the corresponding calculated and measured pressure heads. Therefore, a combined use of both measurement techniques, which takes into account their respective advantages and disadvantages, gives a more complete overview on the simulation quality of the soil water balance model than the single use of one of those techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
Vegetation has a major influence on the water and energy balance of the earth's surface. In the last century, human activities have modified land use, inducing a consequent change in albedo and potential evapotranspiration. Linear vegetation structures (hedgerows, shelterbelts, open woodland, etc) were particularly abundant but have declined considerably over the past several decades. In this context, it is important to quantify their effect on water and energy balance both on a global scale (climate change and weather prediction) and on a local scale (soil column, hillslope and watershed). The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of hedgerows on the water cycle by evaluating spatial and temporal variations of water balance components of a hillslope crossed by a hedgerow. Water flow simulation was performed using Hydrus‐2D to emphasize the importance of transpiration in the water balance and to evaluate water extraction from groundwater. Model validation was performed by comparing simulated and observed soil matrix potentials and groundwater levels. Hedgerow transpiration was calculated from sap flow measurements of four trees. Water balance components calculated with a one‐dimensional water balance equation were compared with simulations. Simulation runs with and without tree root uptake underlined the effect of hedgerow transpiration, increasing capillary rise and decreasing drainage. Results demonstrated that the spatial and temporal variability of water balance components was related to the hedgerow presence as well as to the meteorological context. The relations between transpiration, groundwater proximity and soil‐water availability determined the way in which water balance components were affected. Increased capillary rise and decreased drainage near hedges were related to the high transpiration of trees identified in this study. Transpiration reached twice the potential evapotranspiration when groundwater level and precipitation amounts were high. Water balance analysis showed that transpiration was a substantial component, representing 40% of total water output. These results may offer support for improving hydrological models by including the effect of land use and land cover on hydrological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
99.
Jane Assini 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):738-755
Abstract This study examined the end-of-winter snow storage, its distribution and the spatial and temporal melt patterns of a large, low gradient wetland at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada. The project utilized a combination of field observations and a physically-based snowmelt model. Topography and wind were the major controls on snow distribution in the region, and snow was routinely scoured from the hilltop regions and deposited into hillslopes and valleys. Timing and duration of snowmelt at Polar Bear Pass were similar in 2008 and 2009. The snowmelt was initiated by an increase in air temperature and net radiation receipt. Inter-annual variability in spatial snowmelt patterns was evident at Polar Bear Pass and was attributed to a non-uniform snow cover distribution and local microclimate conditions. In situ field studies and modelling remain important in High Arctic regions for assessing wetland water budgets and runoff, in addition to model parameterization and validation of satellite imagery. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Assini, J. and Young, K.L., 2012. Snow cover and snowmelt of an extensive High Arctic wetland: spatial and temporal seasonal patterns. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 738–755. 相似文献
100.
Ruiqiang Yuan Xianfang Song Dongmei Han Yinghua Zhang Liang Zhang Bing Zhang Xiting Long Yilei Yu 《水文研究》2012,26(9):1291-1301
Quantifying of direct recharge derived from precipitation is crucial for assessing sustainability of well‐irrigated agriculture. In the North China Plain, the land use is dominated by groundwater‐irrigated farmland where the direct recharge derived from precipitation and irrigation. To characterize the mean rate and historical variance of direct recharge derived from precipitation, unsaturated zone profiles of chloride and δ18O in the dry river bed of the Beiyishui River were employed. The results show that archival time scale of the profile covers the duration from 1980 to 2002 (corresponding to depths from 5 to 2 m) which is indicated by matching the δ18O peaks in the isotope profile with the aridity indexes gained by instrumental records of annual precipitation and annual potential evaporation. Using the chloride mass balance method, the mean rate of the direct recharge corresponding to the archival time scale is estimated to be 3·8 ± 0·8 mm year?1, which accounts for about 0·7% of the long‐term average annual precipitation. Further, the direct recharge rates vary from 2·1 to 6·8 mm year?1 since 1980. Despite the subhumid climate, the estimate of recharge rates is in line with other findings in semiarid regions. The low rate of direct recharge is considered as a result of the relative dry climate in recent decades. In dry river bed, unsaturated zone profiles of chloride and δ18O combined with instrumental records could offer valuable information about the direct recharge derived from precipitation during droughts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献