新旧城区休闲步行环境质量比较——以上海市鞍山新村和江湾新城为例

城市的旧城与新区由于街区尺度、居住密度和人群结构等方面的不同,居民的休闲步行行为需求也存在较大差异。选择上海市杨浦区鞍山新村和江湾新城作为旧城和新区的典型代表,以307份调查问卷为基础数据,应用叙述性偏好法,比较分析新旧城区居民休闲步行环境的关注要素和偏好程度,以此为基础构建休闲步行环境评价方法,并分别应用在案例地区。研究表明：旧城、新区居民对休闲步行环境的需求相似又相异,通过离散选择模型构建的休闲步行环境评价指标和权重也会有所不同,从侧面说明只调研一个地区就推论出广泛的评价指标和权重的做法是有缺陷的;应用该评价方法,鞍山新村和江湾新城休闲步行环境定量评价结果与日常生活经验相符。     

基于网络文本的巴丹吉林沙漠旅游者偏好研究

巴丹吉林沙漠是中国第二大沙漠,号称世界上最美的沙漠。本文基于网络游记文本数据,采用内容分析法,研究巴丹吉林沙漠旅游者偏好特点。结果表明:(1)旅游者对巴丹吉林沙漠旅游吸引物、旅游活动和旅游活动方式的偏好既丰富多样,又具有相对一致性,特征词汇频率分布拟合曲线服从幂律分布,基本符合二八规律。(2)旅游者偏好的巴丹吉林沙漠旅游吸引物包括自然景观和人文景观两大类,并以自然景观为主。(3)旅游者偏好的巴丹吉林沙漠旅游活动以徒步、越野、探险等三大类活动为主。(4)巴丹吉林沙漠旅游者偏好自助旅游活动方式。(5)旅游者对巴丹吉林沙漠旅游的情感体验不仅丰富多样,而且以美好震撼为主要特征。     

重要临港产业的空间分布特征及其临港偏好程度的差异性比较

以钢铁产业、石化产业、汽车制造产业为对象,分析和对比其空间分布特征。以这3类产业的大中型企业为样本,依据企业选址的实际数据,构建离散选择模型,基于模型中效用函数系数,研究这3类临港产业选址行为的差异,尤其是偏好“选址临港地区”程度的差异。同时,从原材料来源、海运方式分担率、产品需求分布等方面分析3类产业临港偏好程度差异的原因。研究发现：1）石化产业靠近沿海沿江区域的现象最明显,其离散程度介于钢铁产业和汽车制造产业之间;钢铁产业除选址在沿海沿江地区外,还有部分选址在离矿山较近的内陆地区,其离散程度最大;而汽车制造产业选址靠近沿海区域的现象不显著,其离散程度最小。2）产业选址效用随到港口、原材料供应地、产品市场可达性的提高而增加,随地价和劳动力成本的上升而减少。3）从标定的选址效用函数的各项系数看,3类产业选址时对主要影响因素的重视程度有所不同,这可以反过来解释各产业临港偏好程度的差异性。4）临港产业临港需求的产生主要受产业运输成本驱动,表现在利用海运方式降低原材料运输成本以及就近服务于产品需求地以降低内陆运输成本2方面。经比较发现石化产业的综合运输成本高于钢铁产业,因此石化产业表现出最强的临港偏好程度。     

Foraging behavior of Chleuastochoerus (Suidae,Artiodactyla): A case study of skull and mandible morpho-functional analysis

The skull and mandible of a Late Miocene fossil pig,Chleuastochoerus,are compared morphologically with those of extant pigs and peccaries,and subjected to a functional analysis.The presence of a rostral bone in the skull and relatively strong rostral muscles indicates that Chleuastochoerus possessed considerable digging ability,though the relatively narrow occipital surface and the shortness of the skull would have restricted the range of motion through which the skull could be swung.The distinctive pre-zygomatic plate and over-canine arch-niche may have played a role in protecting the skull and canines during digging.The massive masticatory muscles,reconstructed based on well-developed parietal and zygomatic crests,would have enabled the mouth to close quickly and contributed to moving the mandible both longitudinally and laterally.The configuration of the cranio-mandibular joint and its relatively high position show clearly that Chleuastochoerus was capable of both crushing and grinding movements during mastication.The comparatively simple structure of the crown surfaces of the cheek teeth suggests that the food of Chleuastochoerus may have been softer than that of extant suids.The diet of Chleuastochoerus is postulated to fall between those of true forest pigs and open habitat pigs,and the habitat of Chleuastochoerus to be relatively humid forest edge or nearby areas of open steppe.     

洛带气田高低压分输方案优选

根据洛带气田的开发实际情况,采用Re0资源优化软件对洛带气田、气井、集输站场、管网进行优化建模,得到了四套高低压分输的备选方案。这里通过综合考虑技术经济等特征指标,分别采用改进层次分析法和逼近理想解排序法,对四套备选方案进行优选,最终确定了最优方案。     

城市空间认知-偏好-行为的耦合与互馈研究

基于行为地理学“空间认知-空间偏好-空间行为”的经典研究范式,以中国科学院大学研究生为调查对象,采用手绘意象地图和问卷调查相结合的方式,在一年时间内分三轮开展跟踪调查,通过观察被访者在北京逗留期间的城市空间认知、偏好和行为过程与特征,分析空间认知-偏好-行为三者间的相互作用关系与影响机制。研究发现：城市空间认知、空间偏好与空间行为存在一定耦合性,亦表现出明显的差异性,三者间不是单向因果而是相互影响的互馈关系;除认知主体的社会、文化等群体属性、经验和情感等个体差异以外,与客体的接触时间、空间距离和接触频率等时空制约因素均能影响主体的城市空间认知水平与发展过程。最后,根据空间认知、偏好、行为的相互作用关系和影响制约因素,凝练出一般化的城市空间认知-偏好-行为互馈关联模型。     

Predictive habitat modelling of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and Antarctic minke (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) whales in the Southern Ocean as a planning tool for seismic surveys

Seismic surveys are frequently a matter of concern regarding their potentially negative impacts on marine mammals. In the Southern Ocean, which provides a critical habitat for several endangered cetacean species, seismic research activities are undertaken at a circumpolar scale. In order to minimize impacts of these surveys, pre-cruise planning requires detailed, spatio-temporally resolved knowledge on the likelihood of encountering these species in the survey area. In this publication we present predictive habitat modelling as a potential tool to support decisions for survey planning. We associated opportunistic sightings (2005–2011) of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae, N=93) and Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis, N=139) with a range of static and dynamic environmental variables. A maximum entropy algorithm (Maxent) was used to develop habitat models and to calculate daily basinwide/circumpolar prediction maps to evaluate how species-specific habitat conditions evolved throughout the spring and summer months. For both species, prediction maps revealed considerable changes in habitat suitability throughout the season. Suitable humpback whale habitat occurred predominantly in ice-free areas, expanding southwards with the retreating sea ice edge, whereas suitable Antarctic minke whale habitat was consistently predicted within sea ice covered areas. Daily, large-scale prediction maps provide a valuable tool to design layout and timing of seismic surveys as they allow the identification and consideration of potential spatio-temporal hotspots to minimize potential impacts of seismic surveys on Antarctic cetacean species.