重大事件游客消费行为及偏好的中外比较研究——以2010上海世博会为例

通过对上海世博会大样本游客调研数据的分析与处理,研究中外游客消费行为特征、偏好差异及其产业影响。研究表明:(1)国内游客住宿以经济型饭店为主,住宿地集中在世博园区周边及城郊区域,入境游客以星级饭店为主,住地集中城市商业中心附近区域。(2)中外游客在世博园区餐饮消费以快餐及地方特色餐饮为主,消费偏好维度中游客最关注的是菜肴维度与服务维度,国内游客更关注菜肴,入境游客更关注服务。(3)国内游客购买世博商品主要留作纪念,入境游客主要用于馈赠,消费偏好维度中国内游客最为关注是商品主题文化属性和设计加工维度,入境游客最为关注商品的商业维度和功能效用维度。(4)国内游客市内游憩空间区域集中程度高于入境游客;中外游客市内交通以公共交通为主,入境游客选择出租车出行较多;国内游客晚间活动以游览世博园为主,入境游客选择其他娱乐活动较多。对世博游客行为特征与消费偏好进行深入比较研究,理论上丰富了重大事件旅游研究内容,实践上对于重大事件旅游市场开发与目的地产业建设具有重要的指导意义。     

Mazama gouazoubira (Cervidae) diet during the dry season in the arid Chaco of Córdoba (Argentina)

Grey brocket deer diet selection was studied during a period of water scarcity in the arid Chaco of Córdoba province, Argentina. Sampling took place during the dry season in and around Chancaní Provincial Reserve (Pocho department). Forty-eight fresh fecal samples were collected from 85 sampling plots located at random. Plant cover and abundance were used to estimate food availability. Diet composition was determined using microscopic analysis of brocket feces and resource selection was calculated using Ivlev’s Selectivity Index. Thirty-three plant species were identified in the diet. Fruits were found in high proportion (12.4%). Woody plants made up 67.7% of the diet; the most consumed species were Castela coccinea (23.1%), Maytenus spinosa (10.2%), Condalia microphylla (9.5%), Schinus fasciculatus (8.5%) and Ximena americana (7.4%). Mazama gouazoubira selects woody and succulent plants, while herbs are consumed according to availability and grasses in a proportion that is below what is available.     

水泥环弹性模量和厚度对套管外挤载荷影响的理论研究

针对水泥环弹性模量变化对套管强度是否有帮助的讨论,采用弹性力学分析方法研究了水泥环弹性模量对不同性质地层内套管外挤荷载的影响规律。研究认为,在岩性较软的地层,应选用刚度较大的水泥环,可帮助套管抵卸一部分载荷;在地层岩性较硬时,选用刚度小的水泥环有助于提高套管抵抗外挤载荷能力。理想的水泥环特性应为高强度、低刚度。其机理是利用高强度抵御地层载荷、低刚度降低载荷传递系数,从而达到保护套管目的;单纯增加水泥环的厚度不一定能够改善套管的受力情况,只有当水泥环弹性模量大于一定值后,加大其厚度可改善套管的受力状况。因此,在实际现场中,应根据具体的地层情况,调整水泥浆特性,达到最好的固井效果。     

基于Voronoi图的点状要素注记自动配置

对点状要素候选注记位置质量进行了量化评定,提出了基于Voronoi图的点状要素注记自动配置的思想,并对其进行了实验性验证,理论及实验分析结果表明此种方法逻辑严密,简单易行,注记配置速度快、回溯次数少,超常规注记配置出现个数少,对GIS平台点状要素注记自动配置具有指导意义。     

基于改进区位配置模型的农村就医空间优化布局研究——以湖北省仙桃市为例

以湖北省仙桃市为研究区域,运用改进区位配置模型,通过调整设施数量和规模实验,研究农村就医空间优化布局。首先对比分析传统区位配置模型（LA模型）,引入等级规模偏好系数,构建改进区位配置模型。然后基于ArcGIS10.2 Geoprocessing 框架,整合GIS网络分析,运用程序设计语言Python和线性规划建模工具PuLP实现模型构建,运用线性规划软件Cplex实现模型求解,运用ArcGIS10.2进行地理空间可视化表达。最后通过调整设施数量和规模对比实验发现：医疗机构布局调整后更加合理,居民就医效率明显提高,居民获得医疗服务时间成本减少,且15 min内满足更多医疗需求,验证了改进区位配置模型在农村就医空间优化布局的实用性。     

American evangelicals and global warming

American evangelicals have long played a significant role in American culture and politics. Drawing from a nationally representative survey, this article describes American evangelicals’ global warming risk assessments and policy preferences and tests several theory-based factors hypothesized to influence their views. American evangelicals are less likely than non-evangelicals to believe that global warming is happening, caused mostly by human activities, and causing serious harm, yet a majority of evangelicals are concerned about climate change and support a range of climate change and energy related policies. Multiple regression analyses found that the combination of biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic value orientations is a more significant predictor of evangelicals’ risk assessments and policy support than negative affect, egalitarian or individualistic worldviews, or socio-demographic variables.     

Microhabitat distribution of metazoan parasites on gills ofSilurus asotus in Jiangkou Reservoir, Jiangxi Province, China

This paper deals with the proportional distribution, niche breadth and niche overlap of two metazoan parasites (copepods species,Ergasilus anchoratus Markewitsch, 1946 andPseudergasilus parasiluri Yamaguti, 1936) and monogeneans (in the genusSilurodiscoides Gussev, 1976) found on gills of the fish,Silurus asotus L. from Jiangkou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province, China.E. anchoratus was the common and dominant metazoan parasite on gills of the fish in this locality as indicated by the higher infection levels, and distributed almost evenly on gill arches without any observed gill-arch preference, as shown by the wide proportional distribution and broad niche breadth.P. parasiluri and monogeneans inSilurodiscoides were found also without any significant gill-arch preference although they had a rather narrow niche breadth. The observed significant overlap betweenP. parasiluri andSilurodiscoides spp. may be simply due to the lower infection levels of the parasites. The observed pattern of unrestricted distributions of the parasitic copepods on gills of the fish may be accounted for, at least in part, by the moving ability of the copepods, and may also indicate that the parasite does not exhibit any feature of gill-arch preference. However, further experimental research is needed to verify the microhabitat distribution of the parasites. Project 39370122 supported by NSFC.     

Regular habitat switch as an important feeding strategy of an opportunistic seabird species at the interface between land and sea

During deteriorated prey availability, purely pelagic, specialised seabird species have to alter their feeding strategy by extending foraging radii and/or time spent at sea or reducing feeding intervals of chicks. In contrast, more generalised species such as the opportunistic black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) breeding at the German North Sea coast, can be assumed to react on prey shortages by switching foraging habitats. The coastal zone of the German North Sea provides a rich habitat mosaic consisting of the offshore zone, tidal flats and terrestrial habitats. Thus, we expected distinct temporal and spatial patterns of habitat switch in accordance with prey availability and environmental constraints. We carried out ship-based and aerial surveys as well as dietary analyses and observations on flight activity. We found a significant switch from terrestrial to marine feeding sites both on a daily basis (related to tidal cycle) and over the whole breeding season. Most likely, the latter switch is the result of lower prey availability in the terrestrial habitats and an increasing quality (in terms of prey abundance and energy intake) of the marine area. While there was only moderate variability in habitat use among different years, we revealed significant differences in the diet of birds from different colonies. The high dietary plasticity and flexible feeding strategy, switching between terrestrial and marine prey is certainly of major importance for the success of an opportunistic avian top predator in a complex coastal zone. It is suggested that – compared to situations elsewhere – the number of breeding pairs of black-headed gulls in the German North Sea coast are still stable due to the switch of foraging habitats performed by individuals in this region.     

Zoogeomorphological behaviours in fish and the potential impact of benthic feeding on bed material mobility in fluvial landscapes

Foraging by benthivorous fish can affect bed material mobility and sediment flux. This paper collates evidence of benthic feeding effects at local scales and evaluates the possibility that large numbers of foraging fish, each of which accomplishes a small amount of geomorphic work when feeding, may have a cumulative effect across river systems. A first synthesis of research from several disciplines provides a deeper understanding of how fish disturb and condition bed materials with implications for sediment mobility. To evaluate the spatial extent of benthic feeding and therefore the potential for it to have a large-scale effect, the distribution of benthivorous fish is established across a large river network. After quality control, the dataset yields a comprehensive set of fish community information based on over 61 000 individuals and 30 species at 176 sites. The factors that are likely to mediate foraging and its geomorphological effectiveness are considered. A novel scoring system that incorporates three key controls (fish feeding behaviour, fish abundance and fish body size) is then applied across the river network to predict where geomorphologically effective benthic feeding is feasible and its possible relative magnitude. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the potential for zoogeomorphic impacts is widespread but variable in space as a function of community composition and the abundance of key benthivores. An initial calibration against measured field impacts suggests that benthic feeding may cause measurable geomorphological disturbance at more than 90% of sites in this large network. Together, previous work and this unique analysis suggest that benthic feeding is sufficiently effective and extensive to warrant additional research. Investigating the role of benthivorous fish in fluvial geomorphology is important because it may yield results that challenge the assumption that biota are irrelevant sources of energy in geomorphological systems. Key research questions and a roadmap to facilitate progress are identified. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prey preference of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) on three different species of bivalves

Octopus minor is widely distributed along the northern coast of China. To date, there is little information on the prey selection process of this species. To understand this process, several experiments were carried out. Three types of bivalves, namely, Ruditapes philippinarum , Mactra chinensis , and Mytilus galloprovincialis , were used to observe the prey selection of O . minor and to analyze the potential causes of prey selection from three aspects: prey profi tability, adductor muscle tension and handling time. Under single-prey conditions, we found that the average (±SD) predation rates of O . minor on R . philippinarum , M . chinensis , and M . galloprovincialis were 1.73±0.50, 1.27±0.42, and 0.8±0.2/d, respectively. Under diff erent prey combinations, octopods actively selected one type of prey over the other(s), and the order of prey preference was R . philippinarum , followed by M . chinensis and lastly M. galloprovincialis . Furthermore, the shells of the consumed prey showed that O . minor only consumed bivalves by pulling them apart since there was no evidence of drill holes on the shells. The prey selection of O . minor was related to the prey profi tability and handling time;O . minor appeared to select preys with a higher profi tability and a shorter handling time. However, the diffi culty in opening the bivalve was not consistent with the prey preference of the octopods. These results suggest that O . minor prefers to consume R . philippinarum possibly due to a high profi tability and a short handling time that supports the optimum Foraging Theory.