酸雨水化学损伤加剧粉砂质泥岩崩解机制研究

酸雨区泥质岩崩解相对于非酸雨区显著增强,但其机制尚有待进一步研究。以酸雨条件下水化学损伤的形成及其发展特性入手,选取典型酸雨区攀枝花市机场滑坡粉砂质泥岩,进行不同pH值条件下（pH=7、5、3）的耐崩解性试验。通过测定试验后崩解液离子成分变化、观察酸雨作用前后粉砂质泥岩薄片镜下特征、分析试样崩解破坏模式,探究酸雨水化学损伤加剧粉砂质泥岩崩解的细观机制;引入比表面积增量指标表征崩解残留物破碎程度,定量评价酸雨水化学损伤对粉砂质泥岩崩解的加剧效果。研究结果认为,粉砂质泥岩酸雨水化学损伤主要源于特定矿物的溶蚀,为其崩解劣化提供额外路径;随着崩解液pH值降低,粉砂质泥岩水化学损伤增强,崩解路径增多,崩解破坏模式发生转化,崩解残留物愈发破碎;采用比表面积增量指标可良好反映崩解残留物的破碎程度,崩解残留物愈破碎,比表面积增量指标值越大,粉砂质泥岩崩解程度越高。结论可为酸雨地区岩土体工程性质评价及加固设计提供理论参考。     

石墨消解仪-自动定氮法测定植物果实中的全氮

通过测定植物果实中的氮元素含量,能够掌握植物生长状况,为提高优质果实的产量提供重要信息。目前分析测试植物果实中全氮的方法为传统凯氏定氮法,主要步骤为消解、蒸馏和滴定,消解时间约90min,蒸馏滴定时间约10～20min,分析测定过程较为繁琐,容易产生人为误差,不适于大批量植物果实样品的分析检测。为了缩短植物果实样品全氮的分析测定时间、提高工作效率,避免人为误差以及解决消解过程中样品飞溅和白烟逸出的问题,本文使用石墨消解仪对样品进行消解,加入浓硫酸和催化剂并加盖回流塞,使用全自动定氮仪进行分析测定,消解过程中样品不发生损失,白烟不逸出,消解时间约50min,蒸馏时间约3min,试剂消耗量小,相对误差和相对标准偏差均小于5%。本文建立的方法能够满足实验室快速、准确检测大批量植物样品中全氮的分析需求,已在中国地质调查局地调招标项目和河北省农用地土壤污染状况详查项目中得到了应用。     

外源添加剂水杨酸对菊花江蓠抗寒性的影响

通过室内实验生理生态学的方法研究了外源添加剂水杨酸(SA)对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)抗寒性的影响.研究表明,通过添加0.5 mmol/L的SA,可以明显降低(实验组)江蓠的丙二醛(MDA)积累量、电解质渗透率;其脯氨酸含量、特定生长率(RsG)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(PO...     

降水变化对中国南方强酸雨分布的影响

Acid rain has been recognized as a serious environmental problem in China since the 1980s, but little is known about the effects of the climatic change in regional precipitation on the temporal and spatial variability of severe acid rain. We present the effects of the re-gional precipitation trend change on the area and intensity of severe acid rain in southern China, and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of SO2 and NO2 concentrations are analyzed on the basis of SO2 and NO2 column concentration data. The results are as follows. (1) The emission levels of SO2 and NO2 have reached or passed the precipitation scavenging capacity in parts of southern China owing to the emission totals of SO2 and NO2 increasing from 1993 to 2004. (2) Notable changes in the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain occurred mainly in the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1993-2004. With an abrupt change in 1999, the severe acid rain regions were mainly located in central and western China during 1993-1999 and moved obviously eastward to the south of the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River with the proportion of cities subject to se-vere acid rain increasing significantly from 2000 to 2004. (3) The spatial distribution and variation in the seasonal precipitation change rate of more than 10 mm/10a are similar to those of severe acid rain in southern China. An abrupt change in 1999 is seen for winter and summer precipitation, the same as for the proportion of cities subject to severe acid rain in southern China. The significant increase in summer storm precipitation from 1991 to 1999 mitigated the annual precipitation acidity in the south of the Yangtze River and reduced the area of severe acid rainfall. On the other hand, the decrease in storm rainfall in summer ex-panded the area of severe acid rainfall in the south of the Yangtze River in 2000-2006. Therefore, the change in seasonal precipitation is an important factor in the severe acid rain regions moving eastward and expanding in southern China.     

不同类型氢氧化镁阻燃剂填充聚丙烯（PP）复合材料力学性能研究

研究了普通氢氧化镁(MH)、六角片状MH和硬脂酸改性MH分别填充聚丙烯(PP)复合材料的性能。用FTIR、SEM和TG对上述3种类型MH及其复合材料的结构和形貌进行了分析。试验结果表明:相比普通MH,六角片状MH和硬脂酸改性后的MH有效降低了表面极性,大大降低了对复合材料的力学性能的影响,显著提高了复合材料的热稳定性;4%SA改性MH比6%SA改性MH填充PP,界面相容性好,对复合材料力学性能的影响小。硬脂酸湿法表面处理氢氧化镁改性的最佳条件为:硬脂酸用量4%,处理温度85~90℃,处理时间60 min,料浆浓度10%。     

Experimental Study on Formation Conditions of Ammoniojarosite and Its Environmental Significance

Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by controlling suitable pH value and Fe2（SO4）3 and （NH4）2SO4 concentrations. The pH value, temperature and concentration of Fe2（SO4）3 medium are key factors influencing the formation of ammoniojarosite. Under normal temperature, precipitation of ammoniojarosite can be seen within 24 hours at pH values between 2.6-3.1, and a great quantity of ammoniojarosite is formed within 48 hours. At about 90℃, the pH value range forming ammoniojarosite extends to 1.2-3.1, and within this range the rise of pH value is advantageous to the formation of ammoniojarosite and high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration is also advantageous. Relative pure ammoniojarosite is synthesized under high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration （≥0.05 M） and ammoniojarosite containing melanterite and colloid amorphous hydroxide vitriol iron is formed at low Fe2（SO4）3 concentration. The deposition process of ammoniojarosite can be used to harness wastewater from mines and other industries and remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb in water. Rapid formation of ammoniojarosite and other jarosite analogs under normal temperature and pressure has a good potential prospect for harnessing acid wastewater by means of precipitation of jarosite and its analogs.     

两种黄海潮间带海绵的元素与氨基酸成分分析

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)分析了黄海潮间带繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)和肾指海绵(Reniochalina sp.)的无机元素,其中硅是两种海绵中最多的无机元素。繁茂膜海绵较肾指海绵的锌含量高,参照文献数据推测这可能是该属海绵的特性。测定了2种海绵的含水量,有机碳、氮、氢元素和氯基酸在海绵干质量中的比例。分析了繁茂膜海绵在2002年8月到11月中主要无机元素的变化,发现繁茂膜海绵中的硅含量在降低。繁茂膜海绵的氨基酸总量远高于肾指海绵,2种海绵中含量较高的氨基酸是甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸等。元素与氨基酸分析将对海绵细胞培养基开发有帮助。     

云南腾冲青海——酸性湖泊的环境特征

火山口湖成因和持续酸性地下水补给是腾冲青海呈现酸性湖泊环境的地质基础,通过对青海环境的实际调查和水、土、生物样品的分析、鉴定,结果表明：湖水具较低pH值、极低的阳离子组成和矿化度;沉积物中Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等元素有明显流失;湖泊生物种群少且生物量低,缺失蓝藻和腹足类、瓣鳃类、甲壳类动物等为区别于一般中、碱性湖泊最显著的特点,酸性水介质湖泊系统元素地球化学行为的变化及其对生物的影响－－生物贫化和耐酸种扩张,既是腾冲青海的基本特点,也是酸性湖泊环境形成的动力机制。     

Dissolved manganese and silicic acid in the Columbia River plume: A major source to the California current and coastal waters off Washington and Oregon

The spatial distributions of dissolved manganese and nutrients were examined in the Columbia River plume off Oregon and Washington during the summer of 2004 and 2005 as part of the River Influence on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) program. Factors influencing the hydrochemical characteristics of the freshly formed and aged Columbia River plume were investigated. Hydrographic data and nutrient concentrations were used to delineate three distinct water sources for the Columbia River Plume: California Current surface water, coastal upwelled water, and Columbia River water. The warm, intermediate salinity, nutrient poor California Current water contains low levels of dissolved manganese (< 5 nM) and silicic acid (< 5 μM), and is depleted in nitrate. The cold, high salinity, nutrient rich, freshly upwelled water is highly variable (2–20 nM) in dissolved manganese and can be as high as  45 μM in silicic acid and  30 μM nitrate. The variable Columbia River has summer temperatures ranging from  13 to 24 °C, high silicic acid concentrations (ranging from  120 to 200 μM), and lower nitrate concentrations (ranging from  2 to 20 μM). During the summer, the concentrations of silicic acid and dissolved manganese can exceed 100 μM and 200 nM, respectively, in near-field Columbia River plumes. These values are markedly greater than those of surface coastal waters (even during upwelling conditions). As the plume advects and mixes, the concentrations of these two constituents remain relatively high within plume waters. The concentrations of dissolved manganese in the near-field plume vary with tidal amplitude, exhibiting much higher concentrations for a given salinity during spring tides than during neap tides. For example, the Columbia River plume at a salinity of 20 has a concentration of dissolved manganese of  240 nM during spring tides, as compared to only  60 nM during low amplitude tides. Silicic acid concentrations in the near-field plume remain relatively constant throughout the tidal month. Calculations indicate there is roughly an equivalent yearly delivery of dissolved manganese and silicic acid to the coastal waters off Oregon and Washington by upwelled waters and by the Columbia River plume.     

UV/H2O2法降解乙酸影响因素的研究

通过采用UV/H₂O₂法,以乙酸为研究对象,高压汞灯为光源,在温度为（35±2）℃、曝空气量为0.8 L/min的条件下,研究了UV/H₂O₂技术对500 mL浓度为8 mmol/L的乙酸溶液进行的光降解反应。考察了各种因素对UV/H₂O₂降解乙酸的影响。实验表明,H₂O₂浓度为15 mmol/L、pH值为3.4时,乙酸降解效果最佳,此时,在240 min内,乙酸、TOC和COD的去除率可分别达到98%、98%和97%,体系中乙酸完全矿化。利用UV/H₂O₂法对实际糠醛废水进行了降解,效果良好。