民勤绿洲北部荒漠区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

民勤绿洲北部荒漠区作为国家北方防沙带的重要组成部分以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区,在地下水水化学方面的研究程度很低。在野外调查、勘探及采样测试的基础上,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、离子相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比例系数等方法对民勤绿洲北部荒漠区的地下水水化学特征及成因进行了研究分析。结果表明：研究区地下水溶解性总固体以及硬度值较高,水化学类型主要为Cl-·SO2-4－Na+型。地下水水质总体能够满足生态屏障区种植旱生、耐盐植被的需要。地下水水化学演化是由蒸发浓缩作用主导、风化溶解和阳离子交换共同作用的结果。地下水中超标的高硝酸盐氮水与牲畜粪便污染有关,高氟水的形成受原生地质环境背景影响。成果不仅进一步提高了区内地下水水化学的研究程度,亦可为民勤绿洲区保护、北方防沙带以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区建设提供科学依据。     

山东省地下水氟富集规律及其驱动机制

本文以生命必需元素氟为研究对象,选择地方性氟病分布典型、地下水类型分布全面的山东省全境为研究区,依托2006～2016年间采集的4321件地下水无机分析数据,综合运用数理统计分析、离子比值分析、水化学平衡体系分析,详细研究了山东省高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制.结果表明:山东省浅层高氟地下水集中连片分布于胶莱盆地和鲁西南平原地区地势低洼地带,地下水氟含量超过1 mg/L的分布面积13227 km2,最大值22 mg/L;深层承压孔隙水高氟区集中分布于平原盆地中心的德州、滨州、菏泽等地深层承压孔隙水水位降落漏斗区,氟含量超过2 mg/L的分布面积15086 km2,最大值7.5 mg/L,地下水开采是驱动深层承压孔隙水氟富集的主要因素;不同类型地下水氟平均含量从大到小依次是深层承压孔隙水、浅层松散岩类孔隙水、侵入岩变质岩基岩裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水;深层承压孔隙水F-含量与Ca2+含量呈明显的负相关,其他类型地下水F-含量与Ca2+含量相关关系不明显.综合得出:山东省高氟地下水形成受地貌与地质构造部位、含水介质地球化学特性、人类地下水开采等三方面因素共同驱动,含氟矿物的溶解是地下水中氟的物质来源,淋滤、蒸发浓缩、水岩相互作用使得地下水氟含量进一步升高,氟-钙拮抗作用机制最终决定地下水中氟含量.此研究揭示了控制不同类型地下水氟富集的关键因素,深化了氟在地下水中化学行为的认识.     

氟镁石-萤石型金矿的成岩成矿机制新探索

在岩浆及热液中,氟以氟化硅,硅氟酸迁移,金呈金氢化物,金合金氢化物迁移（或）,金,银,铜,铁,铬羰基化合物迁移。在合适的条件下形成氟镁石－萤石型金矿床。     

The Formation and Model of High Fluoride Groundwater and In-situ Dispelling Fluoride Assumption in Gaomi City of Shandong Province

The occurrence of fluorosis in Gaomi City is among the highest regions in China. High fluoride groundwater occurrence in Quaternary sediments originated from the weathering residuals of Cretaceous volcano clastic rock. The origin of high fluoride groundwater in Gaomi City was summarized as the following 2 model: one is leaching and enrichment, the other one is evaporation and condensation in alkali condition. Based on the analysis of the local environment and the mechanism of fluoride enrichment, a method of “in-situ dispelling” was proposed and confirmed through laboratory leaching test. This might be economical and feasible method for the removal of fluorine from the local strata     

Physiological Responses of Pistia stratiotes and Its Fluoride Removal Efficiency

Phytoremediation technology using aquatic plants is being used increasingly in constructed wetlands to purify wastewater. The physiological responses of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and its effectiveness in removing fluoride (F ^-) from water are described in this article. The results indicate that Pistia stratiotes has the ability to accumulate F ^-. The removal efficiency ranged from 27.79% to 56.32% for the various initial F ^-concentrations tested, and was highest (56.32%) in the highest initial concentration group 60mg/L. The F ^- concentrations in control groups (without Pistia stratiotes) changed very little, from -1.135% to -0.007% of the initial concentrations. At the highest removal rate, the bioconcentration factor was 7.84. The rate of purification conformed to the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the correlation coefficients (R ²) were all greater than 0.97. The Specific Growth Rates (SGR) of the treatment groups were -8.03% to -1.22%, and the SGR of plants under F ^-stress decreased during the experimental period. The partial correlation analysis showed that concentrations of F ^- in water were strongly linearly correlated with peroxidase.     

武清凹陷浅层含氟地下水演化特点及成因分析

选取武清北水源地所在Ⅳ级构造单元——武清凹陷为研究区,共布设地下水取样点95个.以第一含水组地下水中氟为研究对象,在水文地质调查及取样分析测试基础上,运用水化学图解、统计分析、水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析武清凹陷浅层地下水中F-含量空间分布特征、演化特点及成因.结果 表明:研究区浅层地下水F-质量浓度总体较高,分布趋势...     

乌伦古湖水体矿化度和氟化物浓度的年际变化及模拟

为研究乌伦古湖矿化度和氟化物浓度与各水量因子间的定量关系,本研究以水量平衡和物质平衡为基础,把影响湖水水质的原因分为降雨、蒸发、河流补给、地下水补给以及地下水流出5个水量因子,定量分析湖水矿化度和氟化物浓度与各水量因子之间的关系,并且预测了湖水矿化度和氟化物浓度的动态变化.结果表明,地下水输出流量决定了湖水中矿化度和氟化物浓度,地下水输出流量越大,湖水中的矿化度和氟化物浓度越小.2010年至今乌伦古湖水位的升高导致了地下水输出流量增大,乌伦古湖内的矿化度和氟化物浓度均呈缓慢下降趋势,模型预测新的稳态下湖水中矿化度为1.68 g/L,氟化物浓度为1.70 mg/L,在地下水输出流量不变的情况下达到新的稳态所需时间大约为50 a.     

改性蒙脱石吸附水中氟离子的实验研究

制备四种改性蒙脱石，并利用X射线衍射分布和化学成分分析方法对其进行了表征，选用其中两种对水中的氟离子进行了吸附试验，通过正交实验确定了它们吸附氟离子的适宜条件及吸附等温线（25℃）。结果表明，制备的改性蒙脱石具有很强的吸附氟离子的能力，在pH分别为5和4时的除氟效果最好，吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附等温线方程。     

贵州织金荷花村拌煤粘土的氟化氢潜在释放

贵州织金县城关镇荷花村的地表土(拌煤粘土)曾被证实普遍高氟且被认为与地氟病长期严重流行密切相关。本文新的研究证实:该村拌煤粘土的氟含量均值为1284μg/g(620.8~2816μg/g,n=45);表观酸度均值为p Ha=4.92(4.03~6.35,n=45),而实际酸度均值达到3.67(2.09~5.03,n=45);实测硫酸根总量均值为4465μg/g(1165~7003μg/g,n=45),且酸度与硫酸根总量呈正相关(相关系数:0.7920),表明该村拌煤粘土含氟量较高且已酸化,酸的存在形式可能是酸性硫酸盐如Na HSO4。据此推论,这里的拌煤粘土在与煤共燃烧或被加热条件下,酸性硫酸盐可能分解煤和粘土中氟化物而释放出氟化氢,且根据酸碱平衡估算出了氟化氢释放量均值为455μg/g(9.1~1643μg/g,n=45)。类似现象在其他地氟病流行区是否具有普遍性有待进一步研究。     

Controls on the genesis of a high-fluoride thermal spring: Innot Hot Springs,north Queensland *

This study reports on the source, evolution, reactions and environmental impacts of F-rich thermal water at Innot Hot Springs, north Queensland. Thermal water of the Innot Hot Springs has a surface temperature of 71°C, alkaline pH (8.1), low dissolved oxygen (0.61 mg/L) and low total dissolved solids (652 mg/L). The main chemical composition is Na – Cl, with F concentrations (16 mg/L) being comparatively high. Concentrations of alkali and alkali-earth metals (Cs, Li, Rb, Sr) are elevated, while those of other trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, U, Zn) are significantly less. Hydrochemical and stable isotope data of hot spring water show that the fluid is meteoric in origin and has undergone significant water – granite interaction. Common geothermometers suggest temperatures of water – rock interaction at depth in the 119 – 158°C range (corresponding to a depth of <3.9 – 5.2 km). Solubility modelling of the thermal fluid demonstrates that the evolution of F concentrations in spring waters at the discharge site can be accounted for by fluid – rock interaction of a H₂O – NaCl solution with fluorite – calcite-bearing granite assemblages between 150 and 200°C and subsequent granite-buffered cooling. Modelling also indicates that the F concentration in the hydrothermal system is largely controlled by interactions with fluorite, with less evidence for the significant involvement of F-topaz. Speciation calculations demonstrate that F speciation in the fluid is dominated by F^? (99.4%), followed by minor CaF⁺ (0.5%) and NaF_(aq) (0.1%), and traces of other F complexes. Thus, the F-rich Innot Hot Springs result from meteoric water circulating through fluorite-bearing granitic rocks and are the surface expression of a low-temperature, non-volcanic geothermal system. Discharge of the hot spring water occurs into an ephemeral stream located in a seasonally wet – dry tropical climate. As a result, the F content of local surface waters is distinctly elevated (max. 18 mg/L) during the dry season, making them unsuitable for stock water supplies.