Mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate on their adsorption and desorption in fluoride-contaminated softs

Phosphate is one of the important nutrients for plant growth. In acidic and highly weathered soils, phosphate is ready to adsorb on Al and Fe oxides and transform into sparsely soluble Fe-P and Al-P solid phases, greatly reducing phosphate bioavailability. Aluminum and iron oxides in soils are important sinks for both phosphate and fluoride. In acidic soils, fluoride adsorption can dramatically facilitate dissolution of Al- and Fe-containing phases, which may influence the distribution and migration of both pollutants and nutrients including phosphate. To date, little information is available on mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate in fluoride-contaminated acidic soils. The objective of this study is to evaluate mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate on their adsorption/desorption in red soil, collected fi＇om Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, China, using a batch equilibrium method. The following results and conclusions were obtained. In heavily fluoride-contaminated soils, the adsorption of both fluoride and phosphate decreases with an increase in solution pH. Phosphate adsorption decreases progressively with increasing concentration of fluoride, suggesting that fluoride competes with phosphate for adsorption sites.     

含氟地下水饮用处理技术

目前,高氟地下水和地方性氟中毒是世界范围内的一个难题,为解决这一问题,世界各国科研人员进行了大量的试验研究,总结出了不少成功的处理方法.综述前人对含氟地下水的各种处理技术,包括吸附法、沉淀法、电凝聚法、电渗析、Donna渗析等,并对这些技术进行了总结和比较,以指导生产实践.     

甘肃民勤绿洲北部荒漠区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

民勤绿洲北部荒漠区作为国家北方防沙带的重要组成部分以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区,在地下水水化学方面的研究程度很低。在野外调查、勘探及采样测试的基础上,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、离子相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比例系数等方法对民勤绿洲北部荒漠区的地下水水化学特征及成因进行了研究分析。结果表明：研究区地下水溶解性总固体以及硬度值较高,水化学类型主要为Cl^-·SO₄^2--Na⁺型。地下水水质总体能够满足生态屏障区种植旱生、耐盐植被的需要。地下水水化学演化是由蒸发浓缩作用主导、风化溶解和阳离子交换共同作用的结果。地下水中超标的高硝酸盐氮水与牲畜粪便污染有关,高氟水的形成受原生地质环境背景影响。成果不仅进一步提高了区内地下水水化学的研究程度,亦可为民勤绿洲区保护、北方防沙带以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区建设提供科学依据。     

连续自动再生化学抑制-离子色谱法测定石膏及其制品中的氟和氯

测定石膏及其制品中的氟化物和氯化物,传统分析方法过程复杂,分析速度慢,准确度及灵敏度低。本文采用超声提取技术提取样品中的氟和氯,以Na2CO3-Na HCO3作为淋洗液,色谱柱分离后通过抑制器降低背景电导,用电导检测器进行检测。通过优化样品前处理和离子色谱分离条件,在测定范围内氟和氯的含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(相关系数0.9998),方法检测限为0.15 ng/m L(氟)和0.28 ng/m L(氯),加标回收率为95.0%~99.7%,精密度(RSD)均小于5%(n=8)。本方法采用超声提取技术,无需净化处理即可直接分析,半小时内完成前处理,且避免了目标分析物的损失。与离子选择电极法相比,检测限由μg/m L提升至ng/m L级别。     

连云港北部地区高氟地下水分布特征及成因

为研究连云港北部地区地下水氟水文地球化学特征,采集测试了63件地下水样品,分析了高氟地下水的空间分布特征及其形成的水文地球化学过程。结果表明,地下水中氟的质量浓度呈现出随着地下水流动而逐渐升高的变化规律,高氟地下水分布于海湾低平原及平原洼地。HCO_3~-质量浓度高的弱碱性水化学环境是促进氟富集、并增强其从沉积物向地下水中转化的主要因素。高氟地下水的形成是长期地质作用和地球化学演化的结果,矿物溶解-沉淀作用、蒸发浓缩作用、阳离子交替吸附作用是控制地下水中氟富集的主要水文地球化学过程。     

Impact of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the Removal of F− by Magnesium Potassium Phosphate

This study investigates the influence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the removal of F^? by magnesium potassium phosphate (MPP) from water. The kinetic experiments reveal that the F^? concentration decreased from 3.5 to 3.31 mg L^?1 in a single (F^?) system and to 1.45 mg L^?1 in a ternary system (F^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) after 1 min, respectively. Thus, the F^? removal efficiencies are found to increase by about 53% with the co‐active effect of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the solution. Moreover, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are almost completely removed in the F^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ system. According to the pseudo‐first‐order modeling, the rate constants k for F^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ are 0.00348, 0.0106, and 0.0159 min^?1 respectively; thus, Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > F^?. In the ternary system, the removal efficiencies are 53.29–66.03% for F^?, 99.99–100% for Ca²⁺, and 87.21–95.19% for Mg²⁺ with initial pH 5–10. The removal efficiencies of F^? increases with increases in initial concentrations of F^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. The removal of F^? is governed by two routes: 1) adsorption by electrostatic interactions and outer sphere surface complexation; 2) co‐precipitation with Ca₃(PO₄)₂, CaHPO₄, Mg₃(PO₄)₂, and Mg(OH)₂.     

燃烧水解-离子选择电极法测定植物样品中氟含量的方法改进

对燃烧水解-离子选择电极法测定氟离子含量的方法进行改进。采用标准溶液添加法绘制标准曲线,用去离子水吸收,操作简单,减少了误差,适用于低氟植物样品的测定。方法检测限为0.45μg/g,回收率为90.2%~109.7%。将改进的电极法应用于低氟植物试样的检测,结果与离子色谱法测定值相符。     

含氟废水的粉煤灰处理实验研究

进行了影响粉煤灰处理含氟废水的各种条件实验，（pH、水灰比、氟浓度、振荡平衡时间），结果表明最佳处理条件是pH值为2．5、水灰比为小于20、氟浓度小于500mg/l、振荡平衡时间大于2．5h，并研究了粉煤灰处理含氟废水的机理，给出了其吸附等温式。     

Application of geospatial modelling technique in delineation of fluoride contamination zones within Dwarka Basin,Birbhum, India

Dwarka River Basin is one of the fluoride affected river basin in Birbhum, West Bengal. In the present research work, various controlling factors for fluoride contamination in groundwater i.e., geology, aquifer type, groundwater table, soil, rainfall, geomorphology, drainage density, land use land cover, lineament and fault density, slope and elevation were considered to delineate the potential fluoride contamination zones within Dwarka River Basin in Birbhum. Assigning weights and ranks to various inputs factor class and their sub-class respectively was carried out on the basis of knowledge driven method. Weighted overlay analysis was carried out to generate the final potential fluoride contamination zones which are classified into two broad classes i.e., ‘high’ and ‘low’, and it is observed that major portion of the study area falls under low fluoride contamination category encompassing 88.61% of the total area which accounts for 759.48 km² and high fluoride contaminated region accounts for 11.40% of the total study area encompassing an area of about 97.67 km². Majority of high fluoride areas fall along the flood plain of Dwarka River Basin. Finally, for validation 197 reported points within Dwarka having fluoride in underground water are overlaid and an overall accuracy of 92.15% is observed. An accuracy of 83.21% and 84.24% is obtained for success and prediction rate curve respectively.     

Reassessment of HF/HNO3 Decomposition Capability in the High‐Pressure Digestion of Felsic Rocks for Multi‐Element Determination by ICP‐MS

Complete dissolution is essential to obtain accurate analytical results for geological samples. Felsic rocks are known to be very difficult to dissolve because of the presence of refractory minerals such as zircon. In this study, we undertook a systematic evaluation of the effect of the HF/HNO₃ ratio, digestion time, digestion temperature, digested test portion mass and the presence of insoluble fluorides on analytical results for the felsic rock GSP‐2 using high‐pressure HF and HF/HNO₃ digestion. Digestion in mixtures of HF and HNO₃ acids is a commonly used method of dissolution for geological samples. However, our results clearly indicate that adding HNO₃ inhibited the digestion capabilities of HF for refractory minerals such as zircon. It took 8–12 hr for Zr to be completely recovered in GSP‐2 at 190 °C, whereas it needed about 36 and 72 hr at 160 and 140 °C, respectively. White precipitates were observed in the final solution for test portion mass > 100 mg, irrespective of which of the five different digestion solutions was used (1 ml HF, 2 ml HF, 1 ml HF + 0.5 ml HNO₃, 1 ml HF + 1 ml HNO₃ and 1.5 ml HF + 1.5 ml HNO₃). Environmental scanning electron microscopy showed that these precipitates were mainly composed of AlF₃. Instead of further HCl, HNO₃ or HClO₄ attack, we propose that using ultra‐fine samples and a small sample size is a good way to avoid the formation of insoluble residues (e.g., fluorides). To further investigate the precision and accuracy of the proposed method (using HF alone as the digestion solution during the first acid attack step), a suite of silicate rock reference materials was analysed. Most of the results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the reference values, with a relative error of < 10%.