栗木矿田沟挂垒富锂氟稀有金属花岗岩大规模气-液分离的岩石学证据及演化特征

深部钻探取得的实际材料表明,栗木矿田沟挂垒隐伏花岗岩自上而下具有明显的分带性,通过细致的岩石学研究,得出花岗岩的分带性与岩浆侵位时发生的大规模气-液分离及随后的演化有关的结论。岩浆演化先后经历了岩浆富水结晶阶段、第一次气-液分离阶段、熔体快速结晶阶段、第二次气-液分离及大规模交代阶段,形成了一系列相关的岩石和分带。     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of high-fluoride groundwaters: a case study from Mehsana District,Gujarat, India

Abstract

Groundwater quality problems have emerged in many geographical areas due to natural environmental processes and human intervention in the geosystems. Hydrogeochemical appraisal of fluoride contaminated groundwater in Mehsana District, Gujarat State, India is carried out by means of groundwater quality investigations together with X-ray diffraction analysis of soil samples in the delineated high fluoride areas. Results show that fluoride has negative relationships with calcium, whereas relationships with sodium, alkalinity and sulphate are positive. Results obtained from aqueous speciation modelling using PHREEQC reveal that the groundwater is undersaturated with fluorite and oversaturated with calcite. The factor analysis indicates that sodium plus potassium bicarbonate groundwater have high factor loading for fluoride, whereas that for calcium chloride and magnesium chloride groundwater is low. The plausible geochemical reactions in the study area are precipitation of calcite and dissolution of dolomite, carbon dioxide and sulphate minerals with ion exchange.     

浙江北部地区地下水高氟和高砷分布特点和建议

在分析了浙江北部地区地下水类型、特征、地下水开采现状和水位变化基础上,通过对不同类型地下水深井样品测试数据的研究,查明了区域地下水高氟和高砷的分布特点。高氟区主要出现于妙西花岗岩裂隙水和白雀岩溶水分布区,高砷区主要位于南浔第Ⅱ承压含水层局部区域。研究认为高氟和高砷地下水分布区与区域土壤和浅层地下水中总氟和总砷含量没有直接联系,深井地下水中的高氟和高砷主要与深部断裂构造有关。研究地区的这种高氟和高砷地下水目前仍然为很多居民所饮用,作者认为长期饮用这种高氟和高砷地下水容易导致地方病的产生,建议在高氟和高砷地下水分布区停止生活用水开采,有条件的企事业单位应实行改水方案。     

Identifying the Hydrochemical Characteristics, Genetic Mechanisms and Potential Human Health Risks of Fluoride and Nitrate Enriched Groundwater in the Tongzhou District, Beijing, North China

Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety, especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs. This study focuses on the high F? and NO3? concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District, Beijing, North China. A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics, elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks. The results of the analysis indicate: Firstly, most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471–2337 mg/L. The NO3? concentration in 38.89% groundwater samples and the F? concentration in 66.67% groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value. Secondly, F? in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution, which is also regulated by cation exchange, competitive adsorption of HCO3? and an alkaline environment. Thirdly, the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3– concentration, while the high F? concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity. The alkaline environment favors nitrification, thus being conducive to the production of NO3?. Finally, the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups. The results indicate that high NO3? and F? concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health. The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.     

内蒙古托克托县潜水与承压水中氟化物的空间分布特征及形成机理

氟是维持人体健康所必需的微量元素,过多或过少的摄入都会造成相应的健康问题。本研究从氟的来源、迁移和富集等角度,揭示了内蒙古呼和浩特市托克托县高氟地下水的空间分布规律及其在潜水和承压水中富集的原因。对研究区60个水样(30个潜水和30个承压水)进行了统计分析、水化学特征研究、聚类分析以及相关性分析。结果表明：潜水中F^- 浓度为0.40~7.20(2.30±1.80) mg/L,承压水中F^- 浓度为0.29~12.70(1.67±2.48) mg/L;地下水中F-浓度与HCO^-₃、Na⁺、溶解性总固体(TDS)和电导率(EC)呈正相关,与Ca²⁺呈一定的负相关关系。高氟水的水化学类型主要为HCO₃·Cl-Na型。受地下水流场的控制,高氟潜水(>5 mg/L)主要分布在地下水的排泄区;承压水中F^- 的富集主要受含水层岩性的影响,氟高浓度(>1.5 mg/L)分布区主要集中在研究区南部的湖积台地区域。     

羟基磷灰石除氟的实验地球化学研究

中国和世界上许多国家（地区） 都面临着饮用水氟含量超标的问题,因此研究氟的环境地球化学行为以及探索除氟 技术和原理至关重要。本实验采用廉价的非金属矿物羟基磷灰石作为吸附材料,研究羟基磷灰石吸附溶解态F-的地球化学 行为和机制,考察反应时间、pH、初始F-浓度等环境参数对吸附反应的影响。实验结果发现羟基磷灰石对F-的吸附反应需 进行到48 h以上时才接近反应平衡。在实验条件下（pH≥4）,F-的吸附量随pH升高而降低,羟基磷灰石对F-的吸附受pH 调控。同时还发现羟基磷灰石在pH=6条件下对F-的吸附等温线既满足Langmuir等温模式（R2=0.89） 同时也满足Freundlich 等温模式（R2=0.99）,并推导出该条件的理论最大吸附量为21.6×10-3。本研究还进一步采用了先进的XRD、SEM、 HR-TEM、19F NMR手段,系统地表征了反应前后吸附产物的形态和成分变化,发现在高F-浓度条件下,F-在羟基磷灰石表 面的吸附机制不再是单层的表面配位。核磁共振的结果表明F-可部分取代羟基磷灰石结构中的隧道羟基而形成含氟羟基磷 灰石。研究结果表明羟基磷灰石是一种相当具有潜力的除氟材料,值得进一步开发。     

负载镧的EGDE交联壳聚糖微球对氟离子的吸附平衡与吸附动力学

采用负载镧的乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联壳聚糖微球对含氟水进行吸附处理.该吸附剂的适宜工作条件为:温度30～50℃,pH值7.0,吸附时间30 min.用吸附等温线描述了F-在吸附剂上的吸附平衡,并用动力学模型研究了其吸附动力学机制.结果表明:吸附剂对F-的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Freundlich吸附等温线,饱和吸附容量为25.7mg·g-1;该吸附剂对F-的吸附既包含化学吸附又包含物理吸附过程,以单分子层的化学吸附为主;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附过程受化学吸附机理的控制,颗粒内扩散和液膜形成的边界层是其限速步骤.     

The characteristics of dissolution of fluoride and aluminum from brick tea

Four experiments have been done on the influence of times of infusion, temperature, time and ratio of tea to water on the dissolving characteristics of fluoride and aluminum in brick tea. According to the results, the behaviors of F and Al which found their way into tea liquor were analyzed and the conclusions have been drawn： the dissolution of F and Al is not synchronous and after the elements find their way into tea liquor respectively, they will be reset to form complexes of F and Al.     

凹凸棒粘土的除氟作用研究

凹凸棒粘土主要由坡缕石组成，后者为发育有一系列孔道的层链状硅酸盐矿物，具有很强的吸附能力，凹凸棒粘土的吸氟作用实验表明，其吸氟量随着溶液中氟离子浓度的提高而增加，在酸性含氟溶液中，凹凸棒粘土对溶液中氟的吸附量及溶液的降氟率都明显增加，而在碱性含氟溶液中，凹凸棒粘土对溶液中氟的吸附能力则大大降低，甚至不吸附。     

Mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate on their adsorption and desorption in fluoride-contaminated softs

Phosphate is one of the important nutrients for plant growth. In acidic and highly weathered soils, phosphate is ready to adsorb on Al and Fe oxides and transform into sparsely soluble Fe-P and Al-P solid phases, greatly reducing phosphate bioavailability. Aluminum and iron oxides in soils are important sinks for both phosphate and fluoride. In acidic soils, fluoride adsorption can dramatically facilitate dissolution of Al- and Fe-containing phases, which may influence the distribution and migration of both pollutants and nutrients including phosphate. To date, little information is available on mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate in fluoride-contaminated acidic soils. The objective of this study is to evaluate mutual effects of fluoride and phosphate on their adsorption/desorption in red soil, collected fi＇om Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, China, using a batch equilibrium method. The following results and conclusions were obtained. In heavily fluoride-contaminated soils, the adsorption of both fluoride and phosphate decreases with an increase in solution pH. Phosphate adsorption decreases progressively with increasing concentration of fluoride, suggesting that fluoride competes with phosphate for adsorption sites.