土壤对氟离子吸附与解吸的动态土柱法研究

用饱水动态土柱法对氟离子的吸附与解吸特征及其反应动力学特征进行了初步探讨。结果表明，氟离子的吸附与解吸特征可分别用Ｌａｎｇｍｉｕｒ模型和Ｆｒｅｎｄｌｉｃｈ模型来表征。而氟的吸附与解吸反应动力学均可用Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程来描述。吸附与解吸过程是一个由反应速率控制的不可逆过程。     

山东省高密市高氟区现状及高氟地下水形成机制探讨

高密市北部大范围内地下水含氟量较高,为典型的高氟区,生活在区内的居民长期饮用地下水,均有不同程度地发病。该文对此进行了含氟量分区划分,研究了中-新生代不同地层中氟向水中的转化量,探讨了高氟区的形成机制和防治对策。     

三辛基氧膦萃取、氟化钠反萃、荧光比色法测定天然水中微量铀

在硝酸酸化水样中。加入3％的三辛基氧膦(TOPO)-环己烷溶液萃取天然水中微量铀,然后用2％氟化钠溶液5毫升反萃取有机相中的铀。将水相蒸干制成片剂,熔融成珠球,与标准珠球系列在荧光灯下比较荧光强度,测定出铀的含量。该法灵敏度高,准确度好,操作简便、快速、成本低。可测定水样中5×10~(-8)—5×10~(-5)克/升的铀含量。     

Ground Based FTIR Measurements of Stratospheric Species from Harestua, Norway During Sesame and Comparison with Models

Vertical columns of HF, HCl, HNO3, ClONO2, N2O, ClO and COF2 were measured at Harestua, Norway (60.22° N, 10.75° E, Elevation 600 a.s.l.) beginning on 24 November 1994 and concluding on 1 May 1995 during Phase-III of the SESAME (Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment) measurement campaign. The vertical columns of HCl, HNO3 and ClONO2 measured on 81 days were compared with columns calculated by the 3-D Cambridge model SLIMCAT. In addition the results were also interpreted by comparison with a photochemical trajectory model. Good agreement was seen for HCl while the nitrogen compounds showed larger discrepancies, especially for ClONO2. Evidence for chlorine activation was seen with 65% reduction of the chlorine reservoirs (HCl + ClONO2) while the levels of ClO were greatly enhanced. Interpretation of the loss with the trajectory model indicated condensation of chlorine on PSCs. The vertical column ratio of COF2 and HF was measured to 0.21 outside the vortex and a factor of two lower inside. The recovery of ClONO2 was seen to be much faster than that of HCl in the early spring.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定萤石中氟化钙

采用偏磷酸钠作熔剂制备萤石熔融片,用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定萤石中的氟化钙。考察了偏磷酸钠作为熔剂和稀释剂对萤石的熔解能力。方法经萤石国家一级标准物质检验,测定结果与标准值相符,10次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．23％。     

宁南西吉含水层沉积物的氟释放特征

宁南西吉存在范围较大的高氟地下水区,属于高氟水重灾区.以宁南含水层沉积物为研究对象开展室内实验,探讨了pH、Ca2+、Na+、HCO3-和Ca2+/OH-协同作用对沉积物中氟释放的影响及定量关系.结果表明,相对于HCO3-,pH值对F-释放的促进作用更高,相对增量为10％～50％.低Ca2+/ Na+比提高了沉积物所释放F-的活度,有利于地下水中F-的聚集.不同岩性对pH值的缓冲能力不同,从而决定F-的释放.整体而言,粉质粘土、泥岩和粘土F-释放的浓度相对其他岩性要高.泥岩和粉质粘土的F-释放受pH影响较大.沉积物中Al、Fe、Mn、Si组分含量、总F-浓度与不同条件下淋滤出的F-浓度也具备较好的相关性.沉积物的F-含量对地下水中F-聚集有较大的影响.     

离子色谱法同时测定地质样品中氟氯磷硫

本文研究了离子色谱同时测定地质样品中F~-、Cl~-、PO_4~(3-)、SO_4~(2-)的前处理过程,选择了色谱测定最佳条件。在Na_2CO_3全熔的样品溶液中,加入(NH_4)_2CO_3使Si、Al随大多数金属离子同时沉淀;再用预处理柱除去熔剂引入的大量Na~+及CO_3~(2-)消除其干扰;并在流出液中补加相应试剂与淋洗液相匹配,实现了多种地质样品中F~-、Cl~-、PO_4~(3-)和SO_4~(2-)的测定。方法检出限(3s,μg/ml)分别为F~-0.05、Cl~-0.1、PO_4~(3-)0.3、SO_4~(2-)0.5。测定范围为F~-0.05—3μg/ml,Cl~-0.1—6μg/ml,PO_4~(3-)0.3 —30μg/ml,SO_4~(2-)0.5—30μg/ml。     

活性TiO2的制备与去除地下水中氟离子（F－)性能的研究

通过静态和动态(柱)吸附实验,探讨了活性TiO₂去除地下水中氟离子（F^－）时活性TiO₂的投加量、处理时间、酸度等影响因素。实验结果表明：在静态实验中,在50 mL,F^-浓度为10 mg/L的地下水样中,加入0.3 g活性TiO₂,处理15 min,F^-的去除率可达90%以上,且处理前后水样的pH值不变。在动态实验中,0.3 g的活性TiO₂和120 g砾石可使150 mL水样的除氟率达到90%以上。处理后均可达到饮用水的标准。     

Dissolved fluoride in the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River system in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh

The dissolved fluoride (F⁻) in the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system, Bengal basin, Bangladesh, was studied during 1991–1993 to determine its distribution and source in the basin, and its annual flux to the Bay of Bengal. The concentration of dissolved F⁻ varied between 2 and 11 μmol l⁻¹ with statistically significant variations both spatially and temporally in the basin. Such variations are attributable to the geology of the individual subbasins (Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna), dilution by rainwater during monsoon and groundwater contribution to the river systems during dry season. Correlation coefficients among F⁻ and major cations and anions suggest diverse inorganic processes responsible for regulating the concentration of F⁻ in these river systems. However, fluorite seems to be one of the major sources of dissolved F⁻. The concentration of F⁻ in the Lower GBM river system is low compared to the rivers draining Deccan Plateau and arid regions of the subcontinent, for example, Yamuna and its tributaries. However, it is within the range of most of the other Peninsular and Himalayan rivers. The GBM system contributes about 115×10³ tonnes year⁻¹ of dissolved F⁻ into the Bay of Bengal, and thus accounts for about 3% of the global F⁻ flux to the oceans annually. Received: 19 May 1999 · Accepted: 11 October 1999     

Hydrochemistry and source of high fluoride in groundwater of the Nairobi area,Kenya / Hydrochimie et origine des fortes concentrations en fluorure dans l'eau souterraine de la région de Nairobi,au Kenya

Abstract

This study aims to identify the hydrogeochemical processes influencing the high fluoride concentrations in groundwater of the Nairobi area, Kenya. For this purpose 16 groundwater samples were collected and analysed. Fluoride concentrations above the WHO standard are found in the downstream areas. The high F^? concentrations are correlated with high sodium and pH and low Ca²⁺ concentrations. Weathering of sodium-rich alkaline igneous rocks causes a pH increase resulting in an increase in HCO₃ ^? and CO₃ ^2- by dissolution of CO₂. Groundwater becomes oversaturated compared to calcite and calcite precipitation occurs, leading to a decrease in Ca²⁺. This causes a sub-saturation with respect to fluorite and dissolution of fluorite increases the F^? concentration. These reactions were modelled using the PHREEQC model and the results showed a good agreement with the measured groundwater quality, indicating that the proposed reactions are plausible for explaining the observed concentrations in groundwater.