大西洋牙鲆幼鱼肌肉组成与营养需求的探讨

测定了养殖大西洋牙鲆幼鱼肌肉中的蛋白质、脂类、灰分等生化组织,并计算了其比能值,分析了肌肉蛋白质中17种常见氨基酸的含量、脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:大西洋牙鲆属高蛋白、低脂肪、低比能值鱼类,肌肉氨基酸含量同其它鲆鲽鱼类相比,属中等水平,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸的含量较高;肌肉蛋白中氨基酸的支/芳值为2.794;脂肪酸含量中棕榈酸(16∶0)的含量最高,其次为油酸(18∶1 n)和DHA(22∶6 n-3);其EPA(20∶5 n-3)和DHA(22∶6 n-3)的含量较高,营养丰富且平衡良好,是值得推荐的优良养殖品种和食用鱼类。     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

三个牙鲆育种群体亲本效应及遗传参数估计

针对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)养殖品种生长速度变慢、抗病力降低这一问题。近年来构建了牙鲆抗病群体(RS)、日本群体(JS)和黄海群体(YS)3个育种群体,开展牙鲆选择育种,建立了63个家系,收集了所有家系5 328尾鱼苗的体长和体重数据。借助线形混合模型(Linear mixedmodel)、"加性-显性"模型、约束极大似然法(REML)及最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)分别估计亲本效应值、体重和体长遗传力和遗传相关、父母本效应和杂交效应。预测结果显示,其中父本130,141,146,170,218,229,303和308随机效应达到了极显著效应水平(P<0.01),父本112,122,141,190,212达到显著水平(P<0.05),所有母本体重随机效应达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);体长和体重两性状的加性、显性、表型和基因型相关分量都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),体长和体重的加性方差比率均大于显性方差比率,可见两性状的遗传效应主要取决于基因的加性效应。体长的总遗传效应率为31.20%,体重的总遗传效应率为33.58%,体长和体重的随机方差比率分别达到68.80%和66.41%,说明养殖环境等因素对牙鲆体长和体重的影响较大,同时说明在牙鲆选择育种中消除环境影响极为重要。体长和体重的狭义遗传率分别为0.199和0.256(P<0.01),广义遗传率分别为0.312和0.336(P<0.01),牙鲆在以上两性状上属于中等遗传力,通过选择育种可取得较大的遗传进展。对3个牙鲆育种群体杂交随机效应估计结果显示,抗病群体和黄海群体在体长和体重两性状上加性随机效应显著(P<0.05);抗病群体分别与日本群体、黄海群体杂交,其后代表现出显性随机效应达到0.10的水平(P<0.10),黄海群体自交、日本群体和黄海群体杂交随机效应不显著(P>0.05),因此在杂交组配中选择抗病群体与其他两个群体交配可取得较好的效果。     

黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术及胚胎、仔稚幼鱼发育特征研究

为开展黄鳍东方鲀(Fugu xanthopterus)批量全人工育苗、胚胎及仔稚幼鱼发育特征研究, 作者使用地欧酮(DOM)、促黄体释放激素类似物(LRH)及绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)对性成熟黄鳍东方鲀进行人工催产。结果表明黄鳍东方鲀亲鱼效应时间为39～60h, 获产率为55.0%～92.5%; 卵受精率为35.5%～84.7%, 3 年产卵7 400 g; 受精卵在海水水温17.0～23.2℃、盐度21～30、pH8.0～8.2 人工条件下孵化, 孵化率为33.6%～91.7%, 孵出仔鱼499 万尾; 2005 年、2006 年经前期培育, 共培育出黄鳍东方鲀后期仔鱼394.5 万尾, 成活率为68.2%～94.3%; 室内水泥池后期培育出平均全长2.6 cm±0.2 cm 幼鱼3100 尾, 成活率为15.5%; 池塘生态培育出平均全长3.7 cm±0.5 cm 幼鱼53.3 万尾, 成活率为11.2%～13.8%。黄鳍东方鲀受精卵为沉性黏性卵, 近椭球形, 乳白色, 卵膜厚且不透明, 卵径0.9～1.0mm,在海水水温18.2～22.2℃条件下, 3 h 分裂为2 细胞; 3 h 20 min 4 细胞; 3 h 45 min 8 细胞; 10 h 10 min 多细胞; 17 h 30 min 囊胚出现; 28 h 原肠期; 57 h 15 min 胚体形成期; 69 h 20 min 心跳出现; 130 h 50 min出膜期; 144 h 孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长2.2～2.4 mm, 体圆而粗短, 尾部细长、透明; 孵出后第20 天, 胸鳍、臀鳍、背鳍基本形成, 进入稚鱼期; 孵出后第45 天, 上下颌门齿发达, 各鳍发育完整, 小刺基本形成, 进入幼鱼期。     

Farming of spiny lobsters in sea cages in India

Pueruli and post‐pueruli, early juveniles and sub‐adults of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus and juveniles of P. ornatus were grown in different floating sea cages along the southeast coast of India from May 2003 to May 2007. The first type of cage had a galvanised iron pipe frame (2.0 m × 2.0 m × 1.2 m) with steel woven mesh and four inner detachable compartments (0.75 m × 0.75 m × 1.10 m). Fibre‐reinforced plastic was used subsequently to fabricate cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m). Pueruli and post‐pueruli of P. homarus (1.58 ± 0.62 g SD), stocked at 60 individuals/m², grew to an average weight of 123.10 ± 26.22 g in 266 days with a survival rate of 70%. Sub‐adults of P. homarus with an average weight (± SD) of 123.61 ± 29.26 g reached 341.25 ± 46.22 g in 225 days at a stocking density of 21 individuals/m² with a survival of 73 ± 6%. The post‐pueruli grew by 0.46 ± 0.10 g per day with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.64, whereas sub‐adults had a growth rate of 0.97 ± 0.20 g per day with a SGR of 0.43. At a higher stocking density of 80 individuals/m², juveniles (51.83 ± 10.32 g and 58.20 ± 28.22 g) of P. homarus recorded growth rates of 0.86 ± 0.25 (SGR 0.82) and 0.97 ± 0.34 g (SGR 0.96) per day. This study indicates that post‐pueruli of P. homarus can be grown to over 200 g in 12 months and up to 350 g in 16 to 17 months in sea cages. Juveniles (average weight 76.35 ± 34.50 g) of P. ornatus, reared with P. homarus at a stocking density of 80 individuals/m², recorded a weight gain of 139 g in 155 days at arate of 0.89 ± 0.32 g per day with an SGR of 0.67. Marine live clam, Donax spp., was the main feed supplemented with the gastropod, Xancus pyrum, the green mussel, Perna viridis, marine crab (Charibdis sp.), squid (Loligo sp.), and fish such as clupeids and Leognathus sp. Pueruli and post‐pueruli settled in large numbers (up to 35 individuals/month in one cage) both inside and outside the cages.     

浙江南部沿岸产卵场春、夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与分布

根据2011年4月、5月与6月对浙江南部沿岸产卵场进行的共3个航次的调查资料,对该海域的鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布进行了分析,结果表明,共发现鱼卵、仔稚鱼72个种类,分别隶属11目38科48属。其中鱼卵29种,分别隶属6目18科24属;仔稚鱼55种,分别隶属10目29科40属。4—6月仔稚鱼数量呈逐月递减的趋势,而鱼卵数量6月最多,5月最少。鱼卵优势种4月以斑鰶、棱鱚、小黄鱼与蓝点马鲛为主,5月以斑鰶、鳀、龙头鱼、银鲳、蓝点马鲛与石首鱼科为主,6月以鳀、龙头鱼、多鳞鱚与鲱科鱼类为主;仔稚鱼优势种4月以虾虎鱼类、褐菖鲉与平鲉科为主,5月以鳀、虾虎鱼类、棱鱚、斑鰶与长鳍篮子鱼为主,6月以鳀与虾虎鱼类为主。斑鰶、鲳鱼、小黄鱼、棱鱚、蓝点马鲛与褐菖鲉的产卵盛期为4月,而鳀与龙头鱼的产卵盛期为6月。     

褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)幼鱼生物学表型对体质量的影响效应

探究影响水产养殖动物体质量的关键生物学表型性状组合,进而揭示其体质量增长对策,对指导水产养殖动物的种质甄别与科学养殖具重要现实意义。随机选取象山西沪港海域板式网箱内养殖3个月的褐菖鲉幼鱼同生群个体60尾为研究对象,以全长(X₁)、体长(X₂)、体宽(X₃)、体高(X₄)、头宽(X₅)、侧线长(X₆)、尾柄高(X₇)、体质量(BW)、净体质量(NW)、内脏质量(W₁)、肠质量(W₂)、肝质量(W₃)、胃质量(W₄)、鳃质量(W₅)、心质量(W₆)为生物学测定指标,采用多元分析方法定量研究了体尺性状和称量性状对体质量的影响效应。结果表明:(1)经统计,所涉称量性状测定值较体尺性状更显离散,两者变异系数的波动范围分别为38.27%~89.86%和13.86%~17.78%,排序分别为W₄>W₁>W₆>W₂>W₅>W₃>NW>BW和X₃>X₄>X₆>X₅>X₂>X₇>X₁;经计算,消化脏器与内脏间的质量比呈W₃>W₄>W₂ (P<0.05);(2)相关分析显示,所涉体尺性状和称量性状均与BW呈极显著相关(P<0.01),两者相关系数波动范围分别为0.414~0.990和0.899~0.961,排序分别为NW>W₃>W₁>W₆>W₅>W₂>W₄和X₁>X₄>X₂>X₅>X₆>X₃>X₇;(3)经通径分析,被保留的称量性状组合和体尺性状组合的直接作用排序分别为NW>W₃>W₂>W₄>W₆和X₄>X₅>X₆>X₇;经决定程度分析和复相关分析,称量性状组合对BW的总决定系数和复相关指数均为0.989,体尺性状组合则均为0.961;(4)经偏回归分析,分别获得了基于称量性状组合和体尺性状组合的BW估算方程。研究结果可为褐菖鲉速生型种质遴选与科学养殖提供参考。     

Continental shelf nurseries and recruitment variability in American plaice and yellowtail flounder on the Grand Bank: insights into stock resiliency

In 1994, a directed fishing moratorium was declared for Grand Bank American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) stocks because both stocks showed severe declines in abundance from heavy exploitation during the mid 1980s and early 1990s. Four years later, the fishery for yellowtail re-opened while the plaice stock has shown little recovery and the moratorium is still in effect. To assess the possible causes of the differences in recovery between species, we examined the spatial structure and environmental characteristics of the continental shelf nursery habitats of plaice and yellowtail, and their relationship to recruitment variability and overall population size. Depth plays a major influential role determining the spatial pattern and the abundance of juveniles of both species and in the case of plaice the spatial structure of the adult population also determines the amount of nursery area utilised by juveniles. Recruitment variability was higher in plaice than in yellowtail. We found year class synchrony in both species indicating that common environmental conditions and/or biological processes are affecting recruitment in a similar manner. Density-dependent regulation appears to be more severe in yellowtail and this should contribute to a more stable population when compared to plaice. These results are discussed in terms of resiliency of both stocks to over-exploitation.     

脱脂南极磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽幼鱼体组成和消化性能的影响

为探讨脱脂南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼体组成和消化性能的影响。作者以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源、鱼油为脂肪源,用脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,设计7种等蛋白(50%)、等脂肪(8%)的实验饲料(分别表示为F0、F10、F20、F30、F40、F50和F100)。每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,初始体质量为(68.13±0.20)g,经过8周的饲养实验。结果表明:F100组的肝体比和脏体比显著低于其他各组(P0.05),F20~F30组的肥满度显著高于F40组(P0.05);F100组全鱼的水分和灰分显著高于其他各组(P0.05),F10组和F100组全鱼的粗蛋白显著高于其他各组(P0.05),F30组和F50组全鱼的粗脂肪显著高于其他各组(P0.05),F100组全鱼的粗脂肪显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。F10、F20和F50组肌肉的水分显著高于F100组(P0.05),F20组和F30组肌肉的粗脂肪显著高于其他各组(P0.05),各替代组肌肉的粗蛋白、灰分无组间差异(P0.05);胃蛋白酶活性组间无差异(P0.05),F0和F20的胃脂肪酶活性显著低于F30组(P0.05),F30组的胃淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05),F30和F100组的肠脂肪酶活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05),F0组的肠淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05);脱脂南极磷虾粉替代组的皱襞高度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,F30组的皱襞高度显著高于其他组(P0.05),替代组和对照组的黏膜厚度和绒毛长度没有显著性差异(P0.05)。综合来看,脱脂南极磷虾粉10%~50%的替代比例对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的形态指标、体组成、消化酶活性和肠道形态指标有较好的效果。