1988年以来气候控制的南流江河口红树林扩张

基于卫星图像重建了近30年来广西南流江河口区一片红树林的扩张过程,结果表明：自1988年至2013年,该红树林向海显著扩张,面积由60公顷增加为134公顷。红树林的自然扩张并非渐进式,而是集中发生于某些特定时期。为了研究控制红树林扩张的动力机制,本文研究了近几十年来红树林潮坪高程演变和区域气候变化过程,同时也分析了水动力状况和营养盐供应的变化情况。研究表明：在滩面高程达到红树林幼苗存活最低高程的前提下,台风强度、频率和冬季低温是控制该红树林扩张的关键因素。红树林湿地的显著扩张只发生在台风强度和频率较低、冬季较为温暖的时期。而在台风频率和强度较高、冬季较为寒冷的时期,由于红树林幼苗难以存活,红树林则难以扩张。在过去几十年间,由于该区域适宜红树林扩张的时期较为罕见,从而导致了红树林扩张过程的不连续性。与气候因素相比,营养供应和水动力状况并不是控制该红树林扩张的关键因素。     

近30年来山东半岛北部滩涂及海岸线变化

以山东半岛北部为研究区,以烟台、蓬莱、龙口和莱州4个港口的潮情为依据,分别选取1984、1995、2005、2010、2015年的Landsat系列遥感影像,分析了山东半岛北部滩涂(含潮上及潮间带)及海岸线30a来的变化.研究结果表明:(1)研究区近30a来滩涂面积减少300.66 km2,其中潮间带面积减少了84.84 km2,潮上带面积年减少了215.82 km2,减少区域主要集中在莱州湾东南部;(2)海岸线长度呈递增趋势,30a来增加103.68 km,增长速度为3.34 km/a,增加典型区集中在莱州太平湾、龙口人工岛群、蓬莱港和烟台港等区域;(3)通过实地调研发现,盐田、养殖池的大量扩建、海岸侵蚀和入海泥沙量减少是滩涂减少的主要原因;沿海养殖池的增加和填海造陆的扩张是海岸线长度增加的主要原因.     

Numerical Tidal Current Modeling Using Fine Boundary Fitted Grids for Tidal Flats

Fine grids with small spacing in boundary-fitted coordinates are normally used to treat thecomputation of fluid dynamics for estuarine areas and tidal flats.However,the adoption of Cartesian com-ponents of velocity vectors in this kind of non-orthogonal coordinates will definitely result in a diffculty insolving implicitly the transformed momentum equations,and also complicate the wet-dry point judgementused for flood areas.To solve this problem,equations in terms of generalized contravariant velocityvectors in curvilinear coordinates are derived in the present study,by virtue of which,anAlternative-Direction-Implicit numerical scheme in non-orthogonal grids would then be easily obtained,and wet-dry point judgement would as well be largely simplified.A comparison is made between the explic-it scheme and implicit scheme,showing that the present model is accurate and numerically stable for com-putations of fluid dynamics for estuarine areas and tidal flats.     

倾斜界面中反射波走时计算

对于平层界面和倾斜界面的反射地震波,基于射线理论,采用波动方程进行数值模拟;使用Matlab软件,编写2种界面不同倾角、不同震中距时反射地震波走时程序,绘制走时曲线,分析地震波的传播特点,为研究地震波在地球内部的传播路径提供参考。     

倾斜界面中反射波走时计算

对于平层界面和倾斜界面的反射地震波,基于射线理论,采用波动方程进行数值模拟;使用Matlab软件,编写2种界面不同倾角、不同震中距时反射地震波走时程序,绘制走时曲线,分析地震波的传播特点,为研究地震波在地球内部的传播路径提供参考。     

Watershed and ocean controls of salt marsh extent and resilience

The formation and evolution of tidal platforms are controlled by the feedbacks between hydrodynamics, geomorphology, vegetation, and sediment transport. Previous work mainly addresses dynamics at the scale of individual marsh platforms. Here, we develop a process-based model to investigate salt marsh depositional/erosional dynamics and resilience to environmental change at the scale of tidal basins. We evaluate how inputs of water and sediment from river and ocean sources interact, how losses of sediment to the ocean depend on this interaction, and how erosional/depositional dynamics are coupled to these exchanges. Model experiments consider a wide range of watershed, basin, and oceanic characteristics, represented by river discharge and suspended sediment concentration, basin dimensions, tidal range, and ocean sediment concentration. In some scenarios, the vertical accretion of a tidal flat can be greater than the rate of sea level rise. Under these conditions, vertical depositional dynamics can lead to transitions between tidal flat and salt marsh equilibrium states. This type of transition occurs much more rapidly than transitions occurring through horizontal marsh expansion or retreat. In addition, our analyses reveal that river inputs can affect the existence and extent of marsh/tidal flat equilibria by both directly providing suspended sediment (favoring marshes) and by modulating water exchanges with the ocean, thereby indirectly affecting the ocean sediment input to the system (favoring either marshes or tidal flats depending on the ratio of the river and ocean water inputs and their sediment concentrations). The model proposed has the goal of clarifying the roles of the main dynamic processes at play, rather than of predicting the evolution of a particular tidal system. Our model results most directly reflect micro- and meso-tidal environments but also have implications for macro-tidal settings. The model-based analyses presented extend our theoretical understanding of marsh dynamics to a greater range of intertidal environments. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

崇明岛南侧盐沼潮滩消能状态研究

沿海盐沼潮滩可以有效降低波浪高度,耗散波浪能量,在海岸防护和沿海城市安全中扮演着重要角色。以长江河口崇明岛南侧盐沼潮滩为对象,基于不同潮间带实测波浪变化数据,采用波能衰减模型对波浪横向沿潮滩衰减状态进行定量分析,由此探讨波浪衰减主控要素。结果表明:波浪沿盐沼潮滩向岸传播过程中,波高以及波能大幅下降,其中光滩—芦苇前部区域波能平均下降19%,芦苇区域波能平均下降71%,有植被覆盖区域对波浪的衰减效应更为显著。同时,水深、入射波高及阻力是影响盐沼潮滩波浪衰减的主要因素,波浪衰减强度随水深增大而减小,入射波高增加以及阻力的增大而增强。     

天津市滨海新区滩涂开发利用特征的遥感分析

为评估滨海滩涂开发利用对生态环境和水资源利用的影响,提出了滩涂开发利用特征遥感分析方法。该方法基于Landsat遥感影像,先利用阈值分割与目视解译相结合的方式解译人工岸线,再定位滩涂开发利用区并对其土地利用进行分类识别,然后通过人工岸线和土地利用的时空变化,分析揭示滩涂开发利用特征。采用2002—2018年五个时期Landsat遥感影像,利用该方法分析了天津市滨海新区滩涂开发利用的时空演变特征。结果表明该方法不受潮位影响,能够科学准确地反映滩涂开发利用特征。截至2018年,滨海新区人工岸线由2002年的146.22 km增加至315.69 km,增加了115.9%;累计围填海350.76 km~2,为滨海新区增加了15.5%的土地资源;滩涂开发利用区新增的建设用地面积为63.43 km~2,超过滨海新区新增建筑面积的20%;陆地区域未利用土地面积仅3.58 km~2,而滩涂开发区内尚未利用的土地为228.05 km~2,为未来发展提供了重要的后备土地资源。时间上,滩涂开发利用从2002年起步,2006—2014年扩展速度最快,此后明显回落,主要集中于2006—2014年;在空间上则以天津港与南港工业区附近为主。     

三原则整体最小二乘用于平面自由网平差计算

文中在平面网平差中应用整体最小二乘理念.在最小二乘模型中,为了消除观测方程系数误差和未知参数系统误差,加入系数改正数和参数改正数,并提出三原则整体最小二乘模型.研究平差两大步骤,用最小二乘多次改用"参考点组"而选出w个稳定点;用最小二乘多次改用"近似坐标"而消除系数误差和参数系统误差.三原则整体最小二乘适用于平面自由网...     

COASTAL SALT MARSHES AND MANGROVE SWAMPS IN CHINA

Based on plant specimen data,sediment samples,photos,and sketches from 45 coastal cross-sections,and materials from two recent countrywide comprehensive investigations on Chinese coasts and is-lands,this paper deals with China’s vegetative tidal-flats:salt marshes and mangrove swamps.Thereare now 141700 acres of salt marshes and 51000 acres of mangrove swamps which together cover about30% of the mud-coast area of the country and distribute between 18°N(Southem Hainan Island)and41°N(Liaodong Bay).Over the past 45 years.about 1750000 acres of salt marshes and 49400 acres ofmangrove swamps have been reclaimed.The2.0×10~9 tons of fine sediments input by rivers into the Chinese seas form extensive tidal flats,the soil basis of coastal helophytes.Different climates result inthe diversity of vegetation.The 3～8m tidal range favors intertidal zone development.Of over 20plant species in the salt marshes,native Suaeda salsa,Phragmites australis,Aeluropus littoralis,Zoysiamaerostachys,Imperata cylindrica and in