Indirect determination of the heat budget of tidal flats

A method is presented to calculate indirectly the heat budget of a tidal flat area from downstream observations of temperature and horizontal velocity in a tidal channel. It is only necessary to establish a relationship between the velocity and the volume flux. Then the heat budget of the upstream region is determined by integrating the heat flux over one tide. The proposed method is applied to long-term measurements obtained in 2004 at two sites in a tidal channel in the Hörnum Basin, German Wadden Sea. At the site located farther downstream in the channel, the upstream catchment area is diagnosed to export heat (heat gain in the interior) from March to August, while import is diagnosed for the same period of time at the other upstream site. From September to November the situation is reversed. An analytical estimate suggests that the sign of the budget is controlled by the tidal prism and the length of the dry-falling period of the flats in the respective upstream region. In addition, a simple model is developed which can be used to determine the integral bottom heat flux of the tidal flats.     

塔中志留系层序及其可容纳空间分析

根据经典层序地层学理论,综合研究野外露头、测井、地震等资料,将塔中地区志留系划分为5个层序,每个层序均由海侵和高位体系域两部分组成。除SQ1为Ⅰ型层序外,其余4个层序均为Ⅱ型层序,而且SQ3为一个三级中间体系域。受加里东运动影响,隆升后的塔中地区在晚奥陶世遭受剥蚀,地形变得平缓,在此基础上形成了以潮坪沉积为主的志留纪滨浅海沉积。在志留纪塔中地区构造稳定,海平面的升降决定了可容纳空间的大小。潮坪沉积相带的迁移反映了在全球海平面升降形成的异旋回中发育的潮坪自旋回沉积,可容纳空间动态变化是外在的表现形式。     

遥感影像定标最佳样区的自动搜索方法

提出了在遥感影像定标过程中自动搜索样区的算法,以窗口内像元灰度值的标准差作为衡量该窗口内像元灰度均匀性的测度,并以此确定用于定标的最佳样区,实验验证了其实效性.     

江苏王港潮间带表层碳酸盐的沉积特征

利用容量法对江苏王港淤泥质海岸潮间带夏季表层沉积物碳酸盐的含量进行测定。结果表明，碳酸盐含量的空间分布呈现出由岸向海方向递减的大趋势；相关分析表明，总的碳酸盐含量与沉积物的平均粒径有比较显著的相关关系(α=0．01)；沉积物组分及粒径频率曲线对比分析表明王港潮间带表层沉积物碳酸盐主要富集于细颗粒部分，潮水沟系统和生物作用(尤其是有孔虫)加强了碳酸盐在细颗粒部分的富集。沉积物碳酸盐含量可以作为物源分析的一个指标，王港地区沉积物碳酸盐含量表明该地区沉积物主要来源于废黄河三角洲和现代黄河的输入，长江输入的沉积物较少。     

Changes in clay mineral content of tidal flat sediments resulting from dike construction along the Lower Saxony coast of the North Sea, Germany

The clay mineral content of the < 2 µm fraction in tidal flat sediments in the former Harle Bay on the Lower Saxony coast has changed considerably since the thirteenth century up to the present time. The proportion of smectite has decreased from 29 to 11 wt%, whereas the proportion of illite has increased by about 10 wt% and those of chlorite and kaolinite by about 3 wt% each. The chemical composition of the major clay mineral illite has also changed: Al₂O₃ has decreased by about 2 wt%, K₂O by about 1·5 wt% and SiO₂ by about 3 wt%. It can be concluded that the changes in the clay mineral content are mainly influenced by dike construction and sea level rise, modifying flow pattern, submarine morphology, sedimentation and tidal range. These processes cause smectite to settle less rapidly because of its small grain size and low density resulting from interlayer water, so that the sediment becomes impoverished in this mineral.     

Determination of Major/ Minor and Trace Elements in Seamount Phosphorite by XRF Spectrometry

In this paper, a method developed to determine the major, minor and trace elements, including carbon and the four halogens, in seamount phosphorite involving a modern XRF spectrometry technique is described. Ultra-fine (99% v/v < 40 μm) powder samples (4 g) were directly pressed into pellets (Φ= 30 mm). For elements having an analytical line lower in energy than the energy of Fe Kα line absorption edge, the inter-element absorption-enhancement effects were corrected using an influence coefficient method. For the other elements, the matrix effects were corrected using the ratio of element peak to Rh Kα Compton peak (for I, Rh K|3 Compton peak was used instead). The relative standard deviation was smaller than 1.0% for the major elements (except C, Na and Cl). The detection limit levels of C, F, Cl, Br and I were 30, 20, 0.8, 0.2 and 0.3 (μg g⁻¹ respectively for 100 s count time of background. The accuracy of this method was tested by evaluating determinations on three certified reference materials. The direct analysis of major and minor elements in geological materials by pressed pellet without any chemical procedures makes XRF spectrometry a particularly environment-friendly analytical technique.     

川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组岩相古地理

川西地区中三叠世雷口坡期位于威西蒸发海盆的西南部．盆地边缘及相邻地区主要发育潮坪相碳酸盐岩及少量的蒸发岩类，向盆地内部，除晚期部分地区发育碳酸盐岩外，硬石膏岩、石盐岩、杂卤石岩等蒸发岩类不断增多．区域上，岩相的垂向和平面相变明显。不同古地理位置的白天岩碳、氧同位素分析结果表明，盆地边缘的沉积作用和白云石化作用受到来自古陆方向的淡水影响。     

莫霍计划的回顾与展望

“莫霍计划”是20世纪50年代末提出来的堪与“登月计划”相媲美的最宏伟的科学计划之一。它开启了大洋钻探的新篇章，拉开了探索大洋岩石圈的序幕。历经半个多世纪的深海探索，研究学者逐渐揭开了洋壳结构的复杂性和多变性，其中代表下洋壳层3的辉长岩乃至地幔岩剥露的大洋核杂岩，为莫霍钻的实施提供了捷径和优选区。本文综述了“莫霍计划”以来在洋壳结构、洋壳增生机制和大洋核杂岩方面的研究进展，通过分析国际上莫霍计划的选址和策略，结合我国南海洋壳的特征，初步提出“南海莫霍计划”的两个站位及策略：① 南海残余洋中脊附近的U1431孔，该孔已钻到玄武岩层，可通过重复钻进钻穿莫霍面；② 南海东缘残余扩张脊的管事海山，可能有下洋壳辉长岩剥露，可在该区域采取多阶段钻探钻穿莫霍面。     

Variations in crab claw morphology and diet across contrasting inter‐tidal habitats

Crabs are important predators of inter‐tidal ecosystems, controlling the abundance and distribution of their prey populations. Often the same crab species occupies several habitats and, although their effects on prey have been quantified across habitats, crabs’ dietary and morphological responses to differing environmental influences have been overlooked. Here, we used the crabs Eriphia verrucosa and Pachygrapsus marmoratus as model species to examine differences in claw morphometry – size and wear – and diet between rocky shore and heterogeneous sand flat habitats. We predicted that, intra‐specifically, crabs from rocky shores would consume more hard‐shelled prey owing to their high availability and consequently, would display chelipeds with the following claw characteristics: a higher degree of claw damage, stronger musculature (higher propel height) and increased mechanical advantage (defined as the ratio of input lever length to output lever length) than crabs in the heterogeneous sand flat habitats. Sampling was performed in heterogeneous sand flat habitats and rocky shores of the Central Portuguese coast. For each crab species, carapace width, diet composition and several claw morphometric measures were recorded, revealing significant intra‐specific differences (using multivariate analysis) between shore types. We found that E. verrucosa and P. marmoratus consumed more hard prey on rocky shore than on sand flat habitats, which resulted in rocky shore crabs having more accentuated dentition wear and larger musculature than their sand flat habitat counterparts. We suggest that the strong response of crab claw morphometry to environmentally induced diet variations is an important mechanism in the successful adaptation of crab species to inhabit differing habitats. A major implication is that the impact of the same species on prey may vary largely with habitat type as a result of predation efficiency varying with claw condition.