长山群岛海洋渔业资源的平均营养级变化特征

根据长山群岛 1965-2016 年渔业统计资料,分析长山群岛海域主要捕捞渔获物产量、平均营养级 （Mean trophic level, MTL）、渔业均衡指数 （Fishing in balance index,FiB） 年际变化,探讨其海洋渔业资源利用状况,并利用小波分析方法研究52年来渔获物 MTL 周期变化特征。研究表明： （1） 长山群岛捕捞产量、MTL 和 FiB 指数呈阶段性变化; （2） 长山群岛渔业资源开发经历初期开发、扩张捕捞、过度捕捞、资源破坏等四个阶段,渔业资源环境正在逐渐恶化;（3） 受人类捕捞活动影响,MTL 在 15~19 年和 24~34 年两种时间尺度下呈周期波动,30 年为第一主周期,17 年为第二主周期。长山群岛渔业资源破坏日益严重,未来几年平均营养级将呈下降趋势。为防止渔业资源进一步衰退,应加强捕捞活动管理力度,落实海洋渔业资源保护制度;完善预警机制,构建海洋渔业资源监测系统;同时应积极调整长山群岛渔业产业结构,提高资源产出效率.     

基于层次分析法的南麂列岛海域人工鱼礁社会效果评价

人工鱼礁建设具有生态效果、经济效果和社会效果。为科学指导人工鱼礁的建设方向,进一步促进海洋牧场建设以及海洋渔业资源和海洋生态环境的可持续发展,文章采用改进的层次分析法,从人工鱼礁与社会的适应性、对社会环境的影响、对社会生活的影响以及对其他行业发展的影响4个方面,选取政策符合性等10个评价指标,通过问卷调查的方式,对南麂列岛海域人工鱼礁的社会效果进行评价,填补该研究领域的空白。研究结果表明:根据各评价指标的权重和效果判定值,南麂列岛海域人工鱼礁产生了较好的社会效果,其中海洋生态环境、项目长远性、改善渔民生活质量和海洋捕捞业等指标发挥作用较大;未来将开展长期和连续的调查研究,提高评价可信度。     

基于部件可靠度和多阶段动态库存的备件管理决策

基于部件可靠度和多阶段动态库存理论,分析了备件需求与库存管理。提出了基于部件可靠度的动态需求模型;以部件的寿命服从指数分布为例,结合实际生产中备件的使用情况,通过确定备件储备的时间点,动态确定各周期备件的需求量。在确定备件动态需求量的基础上,采用多阶段动态库存理论确定了订货次数和每次订货数量,使库存量更符合实际和趋于合理。通过算例分析,给出了最小库存费用,表明基于部件可靠度和多阶段动态库存的备件管理具有一定的实际意义。     

The profitability of the artisanal galician fleet

A large artisanal fleet made up of small-sized vessels fishes along the Galician coastline using passive gear and traps. The aim of this study is to analyse the economic profitability of this fleet in the last 5 years by looking at the average rate of return on the vessel and the investment payback period. The results show a slight drop in the return per vessel half-way through the period studied caused by the effects of the Prestige oil spill, to quickly recover over the following 2 years. Considerably high profitability rates from fishing activity were observed, especially in the second half of the period, and slightly lower payback periods, in general, than the average life of a standard fleet vessel.     

Positive feedback fishery: Population consequences of ‘crab-tiling’ on the green crab Carcinus maenas

Collection of marine invertebrates for use as fishing bait is a substantial activity in many parts of the world, often with unknown ecological consequences. As new fisheries develop, it is critical for environmental managers to have high quality ecological information regarding the potential impacts, in order to develop sound management strategies. Crab-tiling is a largely unregulated and un-researched fishery, which operates commercially in the south-west UK. The target species is the green crab Carcinus maenas. Those crabs which are pre-ecdysis and have a carapace width greater than 40 mm are collected to be sold to recreational anglers as bait. Collection involves laying artificial structures on intertidal sandflats and mudflats in estuaries. Crabs use these structures as refugia and are collected during low tide. However, the effect that this fishery has on populations of C. maenas is not known. The impact of crab-tiling on C. maenas population structure was determined by sampling crabs from tiled estuaries and non-tiled estuaries using baited drop-nets. A spatially and temporarily replicated, balanced design was used to compare crab abundance, sizes and sex ratios between estuaries. Typically, fisheries are associated with a reduction in the abundance of the target species. Crab-tiling, however, significantly increased C. maenas abundance. This was thought to be a result of the extra habitat in tiled estuaries, which probably provides protection from natural predators, such as birds and fish. Although crabs were more abundant in tiled estuaries than non-tiled estuaries, the overall percentage of reproductively active crabs in non-tiled estuaries was greater than in tiled estuaries. As with most exploited fisheries stocks, crabs in exploited (tiled) estuaries tended to be smaller, with a modal carapace width of 20–29 mm rather than 30–39 mm in non-tiled estuaries. The sex ratio of crabs however; was not significantly different between tiled and non-tiled estuaries. These results illustrate the potential to manage fished populations using habitat provision to mitigate the effects of fishing pressure.     

The impact of artisanal fishing on coral reef fish health in Hat Thai Mueang,Phang-nga Province,Southern Thailand

This study investigates whether there has been a decline in fish stocks of a coral reef in Thailand, and if so, whether that decline is due to small-scale fishing. The research methods used included fish sampling by UVC, interviews and questionnaires with key informants and artisanal fishers. The results confirmed that there has been a decline in piscivores and carnivores (though not herbivores), and the main perceived threat came not from artisanal but from commercial fishing. Recommendations are to replace the largely unrestricted fishery with a more regulated regime backed by effective enforcement.     

能效渔业状态下津市西湖生态因子与浮游植物密度的灰关联模型{GM(I,N)}

利用灰色系统理论,于2004—2008年5—8月份对能效渔业状态下津市西湖水质状况进行了实时采样研究,并计算了浮游植物密度与透明度、水温、水深、溶解氧、pH、NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、PO4-P、TP、TN、NH4-N/PO4-P、TN/TP和浮游动物共14个生态因子的关联度、关联序。结果表明,透明度、水温、水深、溶解氧、pH和浮游动物(毛里湖)或TN(西湖)是影响浮游植物增殖态势的最重要的环境变量。提取如上变量和浮游植物密度作为建模要素,构建了津市西湖生态因子与浮游植物密度的灰关联模型{GM(I,N)},经作图分析表明,模型值和实测值具有较好的对应峰,表明模型的有效性及在预测上有较高的参考价值。P元素在西湖的营养限制性基本得到消除,水体N/P比被调控到了较好状态。     

北部湾地形、底质特征与渔场分布的关系

北部湾作为南海北部重要水域.属于热带和亚热带半封闭海湾.湾内地形地貌以及底质特征复杂。鱼类资源丰富。北部湾渔区的划分与地形地貌、底质特征存在密切联系.为更好的了解渔业生物的生活史、空间配布以及北部湾的渔业资源特点本文进行了初步的基础研究。为北部湾的渔业资源开发提供了科学依据。     

基于空间自回归和空间聚类的渔情预报模型

作者针对远洋渔场渔情预报精度偏低的问题,提出一种基于空间自回归和空间聚类的渔情预报模型。该模型利用空间自回归对收集到的渔业历史数据进行预处理,然后通过空间聚类将所有数据样本根据地理位置分划成若干个区域,最后研究每个区域中环境数据与渔获数据之间的数学关系,各自建立栖息地适宜性指数模型(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI),并以印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)为例进行验证。结果表明,本模型的均方差为0.1742,与传统线性回归方法的均方差0.2363相比,能更好地表达海洋环境数据与渔获量之间的关系,预测精度显著提高。     

小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)形态性状与体质量的相关性及通径分析

为了研究野生小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)繁殖后代的形态性状对体质量的影响作用,以随机采集的729尾4.5月龄小黄鱼为研究对象,对每尾个体的体质量(g)和8个形态性状(cm):全长(X1)、体长(X2)、头长(X3)、躯干长(X4)、尾部长(X5)、尾柄长(X6)、尾柄高(X7)和体高(X8)进行准确测定,运用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析方法,分别计算性状间的相关系数、构建形态性状与体质量的多元回归方程,获得了通径系数和决定系数,进行了养殖小黄鱼的形态性状对体质量的影响研究。结果显示,8个形态性状与体质量的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);通径分析中,4个形态性状对体质量的通径系数达到极显著水平(P0.01),它们是影响体质量的重要指标,其中体长(通径系数:0.589)对体质量的直接影响最大。应用逐步多元回归分析建立了以体质量为因变量(Y),体长(X2)、躯干长(X4)、尾柄高(X7)和体高(X8)为自变量的回归方程:Y=–32.377+3.064X2–1.511X4+14.285X7+4.438X8。模型等式中形态性状与体质量的相关指数R2=0.927,说明所选性状是影响体质量的主要形态性状。以上分析结果为小黄鱼的选育测量指标的确定提供了理论依据。