Analysis on statistic characteristics of magnetotelluric signal

For magnetotelluric sounding (MT), many processing methods based on power spectrum have put forward lots of hypotheses, such as MT signals are Gaussian, linear and minimum-phase. If practical signals do not satisfy these requirements, the results will have a few problems as follows. Firstly, when signals are non-linear and non-Gaussian, the information of the earth contained in the MT signals cannot be sufficiently extracted; Secondly, when signals are non-Gaussian and non-minimum phase, the processed results cannot reflect the minimum phase characteristics of the signals. Hence, it is necessary for us to do further research on characteristics of MT signals (YAO, SUN, 1999; LI, CHENG, 2002; Nikias, Petropulu, 1993; ZHANG, 1996). Otherwise, we cannot judge the reliability of the processed results based on power spectrum.     

Landslide inventories and their statistical properties

Landslides are generally associated with a trigger, such as an earthquake, a rapid snowmelt or a large storm. The landslide event can include a single landslide or many thousands. The frequency–area (or volume) distribution of a landslide event quanti?es the number of landslides that occur at different sizes. We examine three well‐documented landslide events, from Italy, Guatemala and the USA, each with a different triggering mechanism, and ?nd that the landslide areas for all three are well approximated by the same three‐parameter inverse‐gamma distribution. For small landslide areas this distribution has an exponential ‘roll‐over’ and for medium and large landslide areas decays as a power‐law with exponent ‐2·40. One implication of this landslide distribution is that the mean area of landslides in the distribution is independent of the size of the event. We also introduce a landslide‐event magnitude scale m_L = log(N_LT), with N_LT the total number of landslides associated with a trigger. If a landslide‐event inventory is incomplete (i.e. smaller landslides are not included), the partial inventory can be compared with our landslide probability distribution, and the corresponding landslide‐event magnitude inferred. This technique can be applied to inventories of historical landslides, inferring the total number of landslides that occurred over geologic time, and how many of these have been erased by erosion, vegetation, and human activity. We have also considered three rockfall‐dominated inventories, and ?nd that the frequency–size distributions differ substantially from those associated with other landslide types. We suggest that our proposed frequency–size distribution for landslides (excluding rockfalls) will be useful in quantifying the severity of landslide events and the contribution of landslides to erosion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Landslides triggered by the 23 November 2000 rainfall event in the Imperia Province, Western Liguria, Italy

From mid-October to 22 November 2000, the western Liguria Region of Italy experienced prolonged and intense rainfall, with cumulative values exceeding 1000 mm in 45 days. The severe rainfall sequence ended on November 23 with a high-intensity storm that dumped more than 180 mm of rain in 24 h. The high-intensity event caused flooding and triggered more than 1000 soils slips and debris flows and a few large, complex landslides. Slope failures caused three fatalities and severe damage to roads, private homes, and agriculture. Large (1:13,000) and very large (1:5000) scale colour aerial photographs were taken 45 days after the event over the areas most affected by the landslides. Through the interpretation of the 334 photographs covering an area of 500 km², we prepared a landslide inventory map that shows 1204 landslides, for a total landslide area of 1.6 km². We identified the rainfall conditions that triggered landslides in the Armea valley using cumulative- and continuous-rainfall data, combined with detailed information on the time of landslide occurrence. Landslide activity initiated 8 to 10 h after the beginning of the storm, and the most abundant activity occurred in response to rainfall intensities of 8 to 10 mm per hour. For the Ceriana Municipality, an area where the landslides were numerous in November 2000, we also collected information about a historical event that occurred on 8–11 December 1910 and triggered abundant landslides resulting in severe economic damage. A comparison of the damage caused by the historical and the recent landslide events indicated that damage caused by the 1910 historical event was more diffused but less costly than the damage caused by the 2000 event.     

The quality and qualities of population statistics, and the place of the census

Population counts are a key anchor for much of the official statistical system and the benchmark for many commercial and research surveys and analysis. Statistical offices around the world face a wide range of challenges in counting their population, most particularly in the years between censuses, as population flows become much freer and family structures continue to evolve. This paper considers these issues, reviewing how population counts have evolved over time in the UK and other countries. The paper also looks to the future, considering ways in which population count methodology might develop.     

基于粗集的环境机制发现模型及其渔业应用

地学事件或地学变量受控于环境因子,其关系常为非线性。另一方面,影响变量取值或事件发生的时空范围及其环境要素具有不确定性。环境因子的时空配置关系集中体现这种关系的复杂度。这使得寻找决定事件发生或某些地学变量取值的环境因子及其组合存在困难。针对渔场形成的环境机制发现,构建RS-STAMM模型,将时空离散化,以邻域方法提取空间环境变量,形成决策表,利用粗集约简方法,对环境因子及其时空配置关系进行筛选,进而寻找影响事件或变量取值的环境因子的时空配置结构。最后以发现渔场形成的环境机制为目标,将模型应用在渔业遥感研究中,以海洋鱼类聚集的温度场配置提取为实例,验证模型有效性。     

Identifying insect infestation hot spots: an approach using conditional spatial randomization

Epidemic populations of mountain pine beetle highlight the need to understand landscape scale spatial patterns of infestation. The observed infestation patterns were explored using a randomization procedure conditioned on the probability of forest risk to beetle attack. Four randomization algorithms reflecting different representations of the data and beetle processes were investigated. Local test statistics computed from raster representations of surfaces of kernel density estimates of infestation intensity were used to identify locations where infestation values were significantly higher than expected by chance (hot spots). The investigation of landscape characteristics associated with hot spots suggests factors that may contribute to high observed infestations.     

丽江7.0级地震土木结构房屋破坏比和损失比

本根据丽江地震区１１３个自然村震害调查资料，对不同烈度区土木房屋不同破坏等级破坏比的分布特点进行了初步研究，对破坏比与烈度的关系进行了统计分析，并给出了相应的统计关系，另外，通过实地调查，给出了本次地震土木结构房屋不同破坏等级的损失比。     

与断裂有关的成矿元素数理统计分析

在金沟岭、汪清县、十里坪幅１：５万区域地质矿产调查中发现区内内生矿床主要受断裂构造控制。我们在断裂中系统采集１００多个岩石化学测量样品，对分析结果进行方差，判别，Ｒ型分析等数理统计，对区内可能的容矿断裂的含矿性作出了定量评价。