1990-2001年黄河玛曲高寒沼泽湿地遥感动态监测

青藏高原东北部的玛曲湿地是黄河上游重要的水源涵养和补给区.为了解全球变暖背景下玛曲湿地的变化,以1990年、1994年和2001年Landsat卫星遥感影像为数据源,在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,基于影像光谱信息和地形高度构建的多维特征空间,采用多元统计学的逐步判别分析分类方法,对玛曲高寒沼泽湿地进行动态监测,并结合玛曲气象资料,初步分析了12 a来湿地变化的原因.结果表明:玛曲湿地面积1990年、2001年分别为1151.7 km²、1049.32 km²,其占全县土地面积从10.5%下降到9.5%,整体上呈明显萎缩之势,12 a间面积减少102.38 km²,平均年递减率为0.74%,其中1990-1994年时段年均萎缩速率为0.86%,明显快于1994-2001年时段(0.61%).气候暖干化是玛曲湿地萎缩的主要原因,而人类活动加剧了这一过程.     

Which catchment characteristics control the temporal dependence structure of daily river flows?

Hydrological classification systems seek to provide information about the dominant processes in the catchment to enable information to be transferred between catchments. Currently, there is no widely agreed‐upon system for classifying river catchments. This paper develops a novel approach to classifying catchments based on the temporal dependence structure of daily mean river flow time series, applied to 116 near‐natural ‘benchmark’ catchments in the UK. The classification system is validated using 49 independent catchments. Temporal dependence in river flow data is driven by the flow pathways, connectivity and storage within the catchment and can thus be used to assess the influence catchment characteristics have on moderating the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship. Semi‐variograms were computed for the 116 benchmark catchments to provide a robust and efficient way of characterising temporal dependence. Cluster analysis was performed on the semi‐variograms, resulting in four distinct clusters. The influence of a wide range of catchment characteristics on the semi‐variogram shape was investigated, including: elevation, land cover, physiographic characteristics, soil type and geology. Geology, depth to gleyed layer in soils, slope of the catchment and the percentage of arable land were significantly different between the clusters. These characteristics drive the temporal dependence structure by influencing the rate at which water moves through the catchment and/or the storage in the catchment. Quadratic discriminant analysis was used to show that a model with five catchment characteristics is able to predict the temporal dependence structure for un‐gauged catchments. This method could form the basis for future regionalisation strategies, as a way of transferring information on the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship between gauged and un‐gauged catchments. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes by published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河漫滩相沉积与风成沉积粒度判别函数的建立及在红土中应用

以长江南通段、婺江金华段的河漫滩沉积物和洛川、新疆昭苏的马兰黄土为训练样本,推导出河漫滩相沉积与风成沉积粒度的Fisher判别函数,并用启东河漫滩沉积物、南京下蜀黄土和伊犁马兰黄土对判别函数进行验证。第四纪红土的判别结果显示：新余、南平等地红土具有典型河漫滩沉积特征;长沙、金华、南昌、九江等地红土即具有风成又具有河漫滩沉积的特征,且风成沉积特征随着纬度减小及地形起伏增加而减小。结合现代降尘的粒度组成推测,中亚热带网纹红土的物质来源有近源也有远源。近源组分为来自附近河漫滩泛滥平原沉积物的风力二次搬运,在沉积后依旧保留了河漫滩沉积的大部分粒度特征;远源组分可能与黄土类似,由冬季风从北方物源区搬运而来。     

基于Bayes判别分析方法的地下工程岩爆发生及烈度分级预测

在岩爆发生和烈度分级预测的距离判别分析模型的基础上,结合地下工程岩爆的特点和Bayes判别分析理论,提出了地下工程岩爆发生及烈度分级预测的Bayes判别分析方法。综合分析影响岩爆主要因素,选取最大切向应力 、岩石抗压强度 、岩石抗拉强度 和弹性能量指数 作为判别因子建立岩爆预测的Bayes判别分析模型,并利用回代估计法对误判概率进行估计。利用国内外一些重大深部地下工程实例作为学习的样本进行训练建模,经过训练后的模型回判估计的误判率为0。利用该模型对国内3处典型的隧道岩爆情况进行预测,结果与实际情况符合得很好。研究结果表明,Bayes判别模型在岩爆发生可能性及烈度分级预测中具有良好的适用性和有效性。     

利用相似性判别分析预测评价皇城山银矿成矿带

在皇城山银矿成矿带原生晕找盲矿专题研究中,采用相似性判别分析,建立判别指数,结合元素对比值等指标对A1岩脉各段进行相似性判别分析,收到了较好的预测效果。为矿区的全面评价、缩小找矿范围、加快矿区勘探提供了地球化学依据。结合原生晕找盲矿及预测评价专题研究项目的开展,在皇城山银矿做了探索性研究,并收到一定效果。     

INFLUENCES ON COUNTY FARMLAND PROTECTION EFFORTS IN CALIFORNIA: A DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS*

County-level policies and programs to conserve farmland in California are examined through discriminant analysis. Based on 1981 state planning data, four degrees of farmland protection effort are established. A two-function discriminant analysis using 17 agricultural, socioeconomic, and political-ideological variables correctly predicts the fourfold classification of 88 percent of the counties. The propensity to enact protective actions is associated with the intensity of agricultural development, local government spending and taxing practices, demographic characteristics, ideological and political party voting traditions.     

Numerical classification applied to certain Jamaican eocene nummulitids

Eighty-eight specimens of Eocene nummulitids from the Yellow Limestone Formation of northwestern Jamaica are classified according to quantitative measurements of morphologic parameters that are generally considered to be taxonomically useful. The specimens are grouped into homogeneous classes by the computer screening of differently oriented data projections. By this method, the use of similarity coefficients and the question of a priori weighting of characters, for which numerical taxonomy has been heavily criticized, are both avoided. The stability of the classes thus obtained is validated by discriminant analysis. These techniques provide an objective view of phenetic differences among specimens and show how the measured characters produce those differences. Tightness of coiling and total number of whorls, prove to be the most useful features in discriminating between groups but seem to have taxonomic value only at the specific and not at the generic level. This suggests that the generaOperculinoides andNummulites are synonymous.     

Compositional Data Analysis of Geological Variability and Process: A Case Study

Developments in the statistical analysis of compositional data over the last two decades have made possible a much deeper exploration of the nature of variability and the possible processes associated with compositional data sets from many disciplines. In this paper, we concentrate on geochemical data. First, we explain how hypotheses of compositional variability may be formulated within the natural sample space, the unit simplex, including useful hypotheses of sub-compositional discrimination and specific perturbational change. Then we develop through standard methodology, such as generalised likelihood ratio tests, statistical tools to allow the systematic investigation of a lattice of such hypotheses. Some of these tests are simple adaptations of existing multivariate tests but others require special construction. We comment on the use of graphical methods in compositional data analysis and on the ordination of specimens. The recent development of the concept of compositional processes is then explained, together with the necessary tools for a staying-in-the-simplex approach, such as the singular value decomposition of a compositional data set. All these statistical techniques are illustrated for a substantial compositional data set, consisting of 209 major oxide and trace element compositions of metamorphosed limestones from the Grampian Highlands of Scotland. Finally, we discuss some unresolved problems in the statistical analysis of compositional processes.     

Two-Way Regionalized Classification of Multivariate Datasets and its Application to the Assessment of Hydrodynamic Dispersion

Zones of mixing between shallow groundwaters of different composition were unravelled by “two-way regionalized classification,” a technique based on correspondence analysis (CA), cluster analysis (ClA) and discriminant analysis (DA), aided by gridding, map-overlay and contouring tools. The shallow groundwaters are from a granitoid plutonite in the Fundão region (central Portugal). Correspondence analysis detected three natural clusters in the working dataset: 1, weathering; 2, domestic effluents; 3, fertilizers. Cluster analysis set an alternative distribution of the samples by the three clusters. Group memberships obtained by correspondence analysis and by cluster analysis were optimized by discriminant analysis, gridded over the entire Fundão region, and converted into “two-way regionalized classification” memberships as follows: codes 1, 2 or 3 were used when classification by correspondence analysis and cluster analysis produced the same results; code 0 when the grid node was first assigned to cluster 1 and then to cluster 2 or vice versa (mixing between weathering and effluents); code 4 in the other cases (mixing between agriculture and the other influences). Code-3 areas were systematically surrounded by code-4 areas, an observation attributed to hydrodynamic dispersion. Accordingly, the extent of code-4 areas in two orthogonal directions was assumed proportional to the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities of local soils. The results (0.7–16.8 and 0.4–4.3 m, respectively) are acceptable at the macroscopic scale. The ratios between longitudinal and transverse dispersivities (1.2–11.1) are also in agreement with results obtained by other studies.