Anthropogenic effect on forest landscape pattern and Cervidae habitats in northeastern China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors....     

Potential priority areas and protection network for Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Southwest China

In Southwest China, five Nature Reserves (NRs) (Mangkang, Baimaxueshan, Yunling, Habaxueshan, and Yunlongtianchi) play a key role in protecting the endemic and endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (YSM) (Rhinopithecus bieti). However, increasing human activities threaten its habitats and corridors. We used a GIS-based Niche Model to delineate potential core habitats (PCHs) of the YSMs and a Linkage Mapper corridor simulation tool to restore potential connectivity corridors (PCCs), and defined five scenarios. A normalized importance value index (NIVI) was established to identify the protection priority areas (PPAs) for the YSMs for five scenarios. The results indicated that locations of the habitats and corridors were different in the five scenarios, thereby influencing the distribution of the PPAs and protection network of the YSMs. The NIVI value of Baimaxueshan nature reserve was 1 in the five scenarios, which implied the maximum importance. There were only 7 PCHs and 16 PCCs (with the longest average length of 223.13 km) which were mainly located around 5 NRs in scenario III. The protection network of the YSMs was composed of 16 PCHs, 18 PCCs, and 5 NRs. Under each scenario, most of the PCHs and the PCCs were located in the south of the study area. The five NRs only covered 2 PPAs of the YSMs. We suggest that the southern part of the study area needs to be strictly protected and human activities should be limited. The area of the five NRs should be expanded to maximize protection of the YSMs in the future.

     

Stationary underwater cameras assess more efficiently clear-water mangrove fish assemblages: A comparison of non-extractive techniques

Research in aquatic ecology requires adequate sampling designs if the underlying processes that govern population and community dynamics are to be understood. Adequate sampling design is particularly important for organisms inhabiting environments such as mangroves. Thus, collecting quantitative ecological data remains a major challenge. Here, we analysed the structural and temporal dynamics of a tidal cycle and mangrove fish assemblages at 15 sites along the Brazilian central coast. Specifically, we used two non-extractive sampling techniques, which included stationary underwater visual census (s-UVC) and stationary underwater wide-camera census (s-UWC). Our results showed that by reducing potential observer effects, the s-UWC protocol maximized fish counts, yielding more accurate and precise estimates. In contrast, although the s-UVC technique was a useful approach, this technique did not yield precise density and richness estimates. Furthermore, the negative effect associated with the presence of an observer (i.e., diver) was a significant constraint to the observer-based technique. Furthermore, the methods were more similar for the high tide samples and more divergent for the flood tide and ebb tide samples. These pronounced divergences among tidal periods allowed the application of a temporal mixed-sampling protocol (i.e., unbalanced temporal samples) based on s-UWC without the loss of statistical power. Methodological gains also were felt with a reduction in the costs associated with the presence of a trained observer in water and overcoming of constraints positively related to depth limitations. Overall, the s-UWC protocol adequately captures species using different stages of the tide to enter the mangroves.     

基于人工鱼群优化的BP神经网络WiFi指纹室内定位方法

针对传统的基于反向传播(BP)神经网络室内定位算法存在着低精度和慢收敛问题,且考虑到室内环境复杂,通常存在多径效应,无法使用信号强度衰减测距模型进行精确定位,提出一种改进的人工鱼群优化的BP神经网络WiFi指纹室内定位算法．利用人工鱼群觅食和寻优方式来提高全局寻优搜索的速度和能力,采用改进的人工鱼群算法(IAFSA)优化选取室内定位BP神经网络的权值和阈值,有效避免了传统BP神经网络的预测值易陷入局部最优的缺点,同时利用高斯滤波对信号进行去噪处理,建立采样点获取到的信号强度值(RSSI)与位置坐标的关系．实验结果证明所提方法与传统的BP神经网络方法相比,平均定位误差减少了0.75 m,平均定位精度提高32.2％,提高了定位可靠性,算法具有更好的稳定性.      

波浪作用下中上层浮鱼礁动力响应数值模型建立方法

人工浮鱼礁型式多样,适应水深范围广,优化锚泊方式可规模化建设浮鱼礁群,是海洋中上层生境构建的重要手段。中上层浮鱼礁投放于近海,属于海岸工程范畴,抗浪性能是其结构设计的关键。根据有限单元法和集中质量点法,详细阐述和推导了中上层浮鱼礁各构成组件连接位置处点或单元的相互耦合受力和运动处理方法,以及浮鱼礁出水条件的判别方法和水质点速度、加速度的修正方法。建立的波浪作用下三维浮鱼礁动力响应数值模型与其在波浪水槽中的物理模型试验对比,验证了数值模型的正确性。最后建立了一种新型锚泊方式的浮鱼礁动力响应数值模型,分析了浮鱼礁摆动角度、锚绳拉力、网衣系缚点总拉力的历时变化。研究结果可为中上层浮鱼礁优化结构形状和搭配浮体、配重提供判断依据。     

Complex movement patterns by foraging loggerhead sea turtles outside the breeding season identified using Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System

We used Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System (Argos‐linked Fastloc‐GPS) satellite tags to investigate how loggerhead sea turtles use neritic foraging habitats at multiple scales. Out of 24 turtles, six individuals used more than one foraging site, with all sites being separated by >25 km. These six individuals used up to four sites, remaining at each site for a mean of 150 days and returning to the same site a minimum of 52 days later. The other 18 turtles remained in a single site. The area within sites was not used uniformly, with 15 out of 24 turtles exhibiting complex movement patterns within and amongst up to five focal patches, which were typically 0.1–5.0 km apart within a single site. Movements between sites and patches might sometimes have reflected overwintering behaviour; however, similar movement patterns occurred at multiple times of the year, suggesting other factors were also involved. Use of multiple sites and patches might be driven by differences in resource availability, such as food and/or night‐time refuges, competition, or exploratory movement to investigate or locate alternative patches. We confirmed competition via direct visual observations of aggressive interactions between individuals at one foraging patch. Our results illustrate the importance of standardizing data to the same number of locations per day and night to accurately delineate key areas used by turtles or for evidence‐based marine protected area planning.     

浙江5个海湾鱼类分类多样性研究

本文基于2014年11月(秋季)和2015年5月(春季)在三门湾开展的渔业资源调查,结合杭州湾、象山湾、台州湾与乐清湾等4个相似的海湾的相关资料作为对照,依据《中国海洋生物名录》分别构建5个海湾的鱼种名录。以分类多样性指数、分类阶元包含指数、G-F多样性指数等进行多维度析。结果表明:平均分类差异指数(Δ+)象山湾最高(56.01),三门湾最低(48.79)。分类变异差异指数(Λ+)亦为象山湾最高(553.83),三门湾最低(313.63),由此可见象山湾鱼类在各分类阶元分布最不均匀,三门湾最均匀。关于分类阶元包含指数,三门湾鱼类的科、属、种的分类阶元包含指数值均较高;在目级水平上,杭州湾鱼类分类阶元包含指数最低,其余分类阶元上象山湾鱼类最低。G-F指数分析结果显示则显示:象山湾G-F指数最高(0.62),杭州湾最低(0.43)。由此得出,在目级水平上台州湾与乐清湾之间相似性最高(0.84),相似性最低的是三门湾与象山湾(0.5);在科级水平上台州湾与乐清湾之间相似性最高(0.71),相似性最低的是象山湾与台州湾(0.54)。综上,象山湾鱼类分类多样性最高,三门湾最低。本文通过揭示5个海湾鱼类多样性特征及差异,以期为鱼类资源的开发、利用、保护和管理等应用研究提供科学依据。     

两类强度厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对中国近海鲐鱼栖息地的影响

鲐鱼是中上层鱼类,具有较高经济价值,其种群受到气候和海洋环境的显著影响。本文根据2006-2015年7-9月中国远洋渔业数据中心提供的中国近海鲐鱼捕捞和海表温度以及海面高度两个关键环境因子的数据,构建了基于捕捞努力量的鲐鱼综合栖息地指数模型,分析研究了在不同强度厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜条件下鲐鱼栖息地适宜性的变动规律。通过计算和交叉验证,结果发现,基于算术平均法的栖息地模型能够较好地预测鲐鱼渔场栖息地适宜性指数。空间相关性结果表明,鲐鱼渔场主要作业海域范围内海表温度异常与栖息地指数值呈显著正相关关系,而海表面高度异常与栖息地指数值呈显著负相关关系。不同强度厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对鲐鱼种群影响不同,具体表现为:相对于中强度厄尔尼诺事件（或中强度拉尼娜事件）,超强厄尔尼诺事件（或强拉尼娜事件）驱动鲐鱼主要作业海域内温度下降（或上升）,海面高度上升（或降低）,鲐鱼渔场适宜栖息地面积显著减小（或增大）,导致鲐鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量骤减（或显著增加）。研究表明,中国近海鲐鱼栖息地适宜性与厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件显著相关,且随着异常气候事件强度的不同而发生变化。     

Influences of diel and tidal cycles on fish assemblage in eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed of southern Korea during autumn

Short-term tidal and diel variations of autumn fish assemblage in a Zostera marina bed were investigated using 3 h interval samplings for 24 h in both spring and neap tide using a small beam trawl. A total of 1 346 fishes belonging to 19 species were collected at spring tide, whereas 1 115 fishes belonging to 17 species were at neap tide. The common fish species were Nuchequula nuchalis, Acanthogobius flavimanus, Takifugu niphobles, Acentrogobius pflaumii, and Pholis nebulosa with the former three species dominating at spring tide, while the latter two species being abundant at neap tide. Diel variation in abundance was significant with higher abundance at night than day, but there were no significant differences between spring and neap tides, and between ebb and flood tides (three-way ANOVAs). Diel variation in the abundance of fishes may be influenced by tidal range and cycle, and day-night differences of food availability and behaviors of fishes indirectly. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordination and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results revealed significant differences in species compositions both between day and night, and between spring and neap tide. Eelgrass beds are highly productive marine ecosystem, and thus, our results will contribute to conservation of seagrass ecosystem in the study area.     

基于耳石中锶和钙元素分析破解日本六角川和筑后川河口水域刀鲚的生境履历

为了解日本有明海沿岸六角川和筑后川河口水域鳀科鲚属鱼类刀鲚（Coilia nasus）的洄游特征和生境履历,利用电子探针微区分析（EPMA）技术,对采于两水域刀鲚的矢耳石进行了锶（Sr）元素含量的X射线强度面分布及耳石最长轴锶钙元素比值（Sr:Ca）的定量线分析。结果发现10尾六角川刀鲚（LJC）中的7尾以及15尾筑后川刀鲚（ZHC）耳石核心区域的Sr:Ca比值≤ 3,显示出这些个体在淡水生境出生并早期生活于淡水的履历。紧邻核心区域随后的生长阶段,Sr面分布图谱显示出了多样对应于含量水平差异的不同颜色同心环轮变化样式,Sr:Ca比值的波动亦可相应地分成1-6个差异极其显著的阶段,显示出这些个体在随后生活史阶段中极富变化的生境转换状况。另外3尾六角川刀鲚耳石核心的Sr:Ca比值较高（3-6.7）,对应于半咸水生境;但在核心区域之外,Sr:Ca比值则高低变化不一,显示出这些六角川刀鲚个体在河口半咸水生境孵化的特征。本研究表明,二维Sr元素含量面分布图谱和基于耳石最长轴的Sr:Ca比值完全可以作为重建日本有明海沿岸各河口水域刀鲚生境履历的有效工具。