Community structure and nutrition of deep methane-seep macrobenthos from the North Pacific (Aleutian) Margin and the Gulf of Mexico (Florida Escarpment)

Methane seeps occur at depths extending to over 7000 m along the world's continental margins, but there is little information about the infaunal communities inhabiting sediments of seeps deeper than 3000 m. Biological sampling was carried out off Unimak Island (3200–3300 m) and Kodiak Island (4500 m) on the Aleutian margin, Pacific Ocean and along the Florida Escarpment (3300 m) in the Gulf of Mexico to investigate the community structure and nutrition of macrofauna at these sites. We addressed whether there are characteristic infaunal communities common to the deep‐water seeps or to the specific habitats (clam beds, pogonophoran fields, and microbial mats) studied here, and ask how these differ from background communities or from shallow‐seep settings sampled previously. We also investigated, using stable isotopic signatures, the utilization of chemosynthetically fixed and methane‐derived organic matter by macrofauna from different regions and habitats. Within seep sites, macrofaunal densities were the greatest in the Florida microbial mats (20,961 ± 11,618 ind·m⁻²), the lowest in the Florida pogonophoran fields (926 ± 132 ind·m⁻²), and intermediate in the Unimak and Kodiak seep habitats. Seep macrofaunal densities differed from those in nearby non‐seep sediments only in Florida mat habitats, where a single, abundant species of hesionid polychaete comprised 70% of the macrofauna. Annelids were the dominant taxon (>60%) at all sites and habitats except in Florida background sediments (33%) and Unimak pogonophoran fields (27%). Macrofaunal diversity (H′) was lower at the Florida than the Alaska seeps, with a trend toward reduced richness in clam bed relative to pogonophoran field or non‐seep sediments. Community composition differences between seep and non‐seep sediments were evident in each region except for the Unimak margin, but pogonophoran and clam bed macrofaunal communities did not differ from one another in Alaska. Seep δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures were lighter for seep than non‐seep macrofauna in all regions, indicating use of chemosynthetically derived carbon. The lightest δ¹³C values (average of species’ means) were observed at the Florida escarpment (−42.8‰). We estimated that on average animal tissues had up to 55% methane‐derived carbon in Florida mats, 31–44% in Florida clam beds and Kodiak clam beds and pogonophoran fields, and 9–23% in Unimak seep habitats. However, some taxa such as hesionid and capitellid polychaetes exhibited tremendous intraspecific δ¹³C variation (>30‰) between patch types. Overall we found few characteristic communities or features common to the three deep‐water seeps (>3000 m), but common properties across habitats (mat, clam bed, pogonophorans), independent of location or water depth. In general, macrofaunal densities were lower (except at Florida microbial mats), community structure was similar, and reliance on chemosynthesis was greater than observed in shallower seeps off California and Oregon.     

日本对虾的营养需求

总结了近年来国内外关于日本对虾(Penaeus japonicus)的营养学研究成果，从蛋白质、氨基酸、脂类、维生素、矿质元素、外源激素及环境因子等方面论述了日本对虾的营养学研究现状，为今后的日本对虾养殖提供依据。     

三门湾蓝点马鲛产卵群体结构和个体生殖力

本文据1986年3—5月的调查资料研究了浙江三门湾蓝点马鲛生殖群体的叉长、体重、年龄组成、性比、性成熟系数、产卵类型、个体繁殖力及它们间的相互关系等,讨论了三门湾繁殖场蓝点马鲛的资源状况及资源保护措施。     

影响水库鱼产力的基础环境因素的分析

本文以山东省30座代表性的大中型水库为样本,对影响水库鱼产力的基础环影境条件——集雨区性状、水库形态和水文状况各方面共计21项变量,运用聚类分析、主成分分析、相关分析和逐步回归等方法进行了分析和筛选。结果表明,影响水库鱼产力的主要因素是:集雨区的土壤、相对人口密度、植被覆盖率以及水文换率等。其中,最重要的是土壤肥力,文中建立的土壤肥力指数(SF1),第一次定量证明了集雨区、土壤对水库营养水平乃至鱼产力的决定性作用。这些关键性影响因素可作为评价水库鱼产力的环境指标。