Application of ultraviolet fluorometry and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) to fingerprint oil and chemically dispersed oil in seawater

Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was used to characterize the ultra violet fluorescence fingerprints of eight crude oils (with a 14,470-fold range of dynamic viscosity) in seawater. When the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 was mixed with the oils prior to their dispersion in seawater, the fingerprints of each oil changed primarily as an increase in fluorescence over an emission band centered on 445 nm. In order to simplify the wealth of information available in the excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEMs), two ratios were calculated. A 66-90% decrease in the slope ratio was observed with the addition of Corexit. When the slope ratios were reduced in complexity to intensity ratios, similar trends were apparent. As a result either of the ratios could be used as a simple and rapid means of identifying and monitoring chemically dispersed oil in the open ocean.     

A preliminary study on fingerprinting approach in marine sediment dynamics with the rare earth elements

Locating the quantitized natural sediment fingerprints is an important work for marine sediment dynamics study.The total of 146 sediment samples were collected from the Shelf of the East China Sea and five rivers,including Huanghe (Yellow),Changjiang (Yangtze),Qiantang,Ou and Min River.The sediment grain size and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured with laser particle size analyzer and ICP-MS technology.The results show that absolute REE content (ΣREE) and the concentration ratio of light REEs to heavy REEs (L/HREE) are different in the sediments among those rivers.There are higher REE contents in being less than 2 m and 2–31 μm fractions in the Changjiang Estuary surface sediments.The REE contents of bulk sediment are dominated by the corresponding values of those leading size-fractions.REE of sediment is higher close to the estuaries and declines seaward on the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS).The L/HREE ratio has a tendency of increase southward from 28 ? N.Hydrodynamic conditions plays a predominate role on spacial distributions of the surficial sediment’s REE parameters.In some situations,the currents tend to remove the coarser light grains from initial populations,as well as the deposit of the finer heavy mineral grains.In other situations,the currents will change the ratio of sediment constituents,such as ratio between silts and clays in the sediments.As a result,the various values of REE or L/HREE ratio in different bulk sediments are more affected by the change of size-fractions than source location.Under the long-term stable hydrodynamic environment,i.e.,the East China Sea Shelf,new sediment transport model based on the size and density gradation concept may help to understand the spatial distribution patterns of REE parameters.     

100株深海真菌次生代谢产物的生物活性初步研究

利用中国＂大洋一号＂第20航次采集的深海沉积物样品进行了真菌分离鉴定,获得110株深海真菌,这些菌分属于15个属.其中曲霉和青霉最多,共为55株,占50%,且重复较多,只分布于10个种.利用CCK8法及琼脂扩散法对其中的100株深海真菌进行了抗肿瘤及抗菌活性检测,发现深海真菌具有良好的生物活性,细胞毒阳性率占49%,26%的菌株具有明显抗大肠杆菌效果、23%明显抗枯草、5%抗白假丝酵母、21%抗金黄色葡萄球菌.生物活性与培养基成分及筛选用肿瘤细胞株类型相关.对具有生物活性的20株深海真菌发酵粗提物进行了HPLC指纹图谱初步分析,发现其HPLC指纹图谱与培养基成分相关.该研究为后期分离鉴定深海真菌产生的生物活性化合物奠定了良好基础.     

Changes in the Chemical Components of Light Crude Oil During Simulated Short Term Weathering

To unambiguously identify spilled oils and to link them to the known sources are extremely important in settling ques-tions of environmental impact and legal liability. The fate and behavior of spilled oils in the environment depend on a number of physicochemical and biological factors. This paper presents the results regarding changes in chemical composition of light crude oil during simulated short-term weathering based on natural environmental conditions. The results show that the saturated hydrocarbons of the light crude oil mainly distribute between n-C8 and n-C23 and the most abundant n-alkanes are found in the n-C10 to n-C16. The main chemical components of the light crude oil are n-alkanes and isoprenoids. The aromatic compounds are subordinate chemical components. Under the conditions of the weathering simulation experiment,n-alkanes less than n-C12,toluene and 1,3-dimethyl ben-zene are lost after 1 d weathering,the n-C13,n-C14,naphthalene and 2-methyl-naphthalene are lost on the fifth day of weathering,and n-C15 alkane components show certain weatherproof capability. The ratios n-C17/pristane and n-C18/phytane are unaltered and can be used to identify the source of the light crude oil during the first 8 d of weathering. After 21 d,the ratio pristine/phytane can not pro-vide much information on the source of the spilled light crude oil. Triterpanes(m/z 191) as biomarker compounds of light crude oil are more valuable.     

A Multiple Composite Fingerprinting Method and Its Application

Fingerprinting technique provides an essential means for estimating source contributions of watershed sediments, in which a single group of “optimum composite fingerprints” has been widely used in the literature to estimate sediment provenance. This type of methods is not restricted by the scale or process of sediment transportation so that similar procedures can be applied in sediment provenance research for aeolian depositions. However, recent studies found no direct link (positive relationship) between the ability of the tracer group to discriminate sources and its rigor in estimating source contributions after optimization. Here, we introduced a recently developed multiple composite fingerprinting method with additional screening based on analytical solutions, and further reviewed its verification in watersheds at different scales. It turned out that compared to Monte Carlo optimization method, a reasonable estimation can be achieved using the mean of the maximum number of composite fingerprints that given analytical solution to the mixing model, but the computational cost can be reduced significantly. The reliability of this new method was also tested in source contribution estimating of aeolian sediments, and the provenance quantification of reservoir sediment in an arid region experiencing both wind and water sediments.     

Lead contamination in a wetland watershed: isotopes as fingerprints of pollution

The Pb-isotope composition of soils and sediments has been measured from both highly contaminated and non-contaminated regions of Bayou Trepagnier, a bayou in southern Louisiana that has had oil refinery effluent discharged into it over the past 66 years. Spoil banks created by the dredging of the bayou bottom approximately 50 years ago are the main source of contamination within the ecosystem. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope composition of the contaminant is relatively constant averaging 1.275 ±0.008. A literature search reveals that such radiogenic values are typical of ores from southeastern Missouri. When surficial soil ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratios are plotted against each other, a straight line is defined (r²=0.99). The linear correlation suggests mixing between Pb from the spoil banks and Pb from a natural source. The latter source may consist of Pb in soil that has been leached of its natural radiogenic component during weathering processes. Mixing calculations indicate that transport of contaminant Pb is widespread and occurs several hundred meters from the spoil banks. Despite the low Pb concentrations of some of the soils, the isotope data demonstrate that a significant amount of the Pb is derived from the pollutant source. Received: 12 July 1999 · Accepted: 14 September 1999     

黄、渤海小黄鱼耳石元素指纹分析及其在种群补充群体识别中的应用

利用电感耦合等离子质谱ICP-MS元素分析方法,测定了黄、渤海125尾小黄鱼的耳石元素指纹图谱,共检测到Mg、Al、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba、Ca等8种指纹元素。不同采样站位小黄鱼耳石元素含量均存在显著性差异,线性判别分析可以有效识别不同站位的小黄鱼群体,判别成功率为65%~96%,整体判别成功率为86%。基于耳石元素指纹图谱特征进行聚类分析,可以将黄、渤海小黄鱼早期补充群体划分为渤海种群、黄海中部种群和南黄海种群,其中黄海中部种群站位交叉明显。     

黄芪提取物及半合成产物的指纹图谱研究

采用不同的提取方法和合成转化方法,建立了黄芪提取物及半合成产物的高效液相(HPLC)指纹图谱。黄芪提取物的HPLC检测条件为:Apollo-C18(150×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温40℃,流动相为乙腈:水(1:2),检测波长为205nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10μl。结果表明:碱提法黄芪甲苷分离效果最好,由低到高的顺序为:水提法<醇提法<超声波法<碱提法;在2%硫酸溶液酸化条件下半合成产物的指纹图谱最好。建立的指纹图谱测定方法,适用于黄芪提取物及半合成产物的质量控制。     

颗粒分选与有机质因子对复合指纹识别泥沙来源的影响

泥沙来源研究作为土壤侵蚀研究的关键内容之一,对水土保持措施的科学布设具有重要意义.复合指纹识别法是目前研究泥沙来源的较先进方法之一,在泥沙来源研究中具有较大的应用潜力.然而,颗粒分选作用对运用复合指纹识别法判别沉积物来源的准确性有重大影响.加之,有机质等代表的土壤属性(指纹因子)随颗粒分选在不同粒径范围发生富集或贫化也...