The effects of survey frequency on estimates of scour and fill in a braided river model

An erratum has been published for this article in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27(7) 2002, 795. Estimates of scour and fill in rivers that are derived by differencing topographic surfaces are known to be negatively biased by local compensation of scour and fill between surveys but the magnitude of bias is not well known. This study examines the effect of survey frequency on volumes of scour and fill over a period of active channel braiding in a small‐scale river model. A 100 min, high temporal resolution time series of digital elevation models is artificially coarsened by selectively removing models. The resulting four overlapping time series have survey intervals of 10 min, 20 min, 50 min and 100 min. Cumulative scour and fill volumes for the 100 min period are compared between the four series. It is concluded that the decay in measured volumes of scour and fill with increased survey interval can be described using inverse functions. Cumulative scour–fill volumes are approximately 420 per cent greater over the study period for 10 min survey intervals than for a 100 min interval. After the 100 min period of competent flow, nearly 65 per cent of the channel area experienced significant compensation of scour and fill. Several compensation mechanisms were identified in association with braided channel kinetics, including lateral channel migration, the migration of bed forms, and channel avulsion. It is demonstrated that by negatively biasing scour, fill and net estimates, this error significantly affects morphological approaches to the estimation of bed load sediment transport. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

准噶尔盆地北部古近系挤压推覆构造与沉积耦合分析

通过对准噶尔盆地北部古近系沉积充填特征及古近纪-新近纪挤压推覆构造的分析，初步确定了准噶尔盆地北缘同沉积挤压推覆作用下构造与沉积的联系，讨论了的挤压背景下后生轴成矿的问题，并试图确定古近系沉积和准噶尔盆地北缘逆冲挤压断裂带的时空对应关系。     

沉积盆地充填过程的计算机模拟研究

利用计算机模拟沉积盆地的充填过程可加深对控制沉积层序发育的各种参数的认识,还可检验并预测沉积地层、沉积相和沉积体系的分布和配置规律。盆地充填的模拟方法可分为参控模拟和过程模拟,前者使用经验参数控制模拟行为,基本上是对地层几何形态的模拟,后者根据沉积作用的物理规律进行模拟,是一种更为逼近客观世界的方法．所用参数在不同尺度和不同类型的模型中不同,但海平面变化、构造沉降史、沉积物供给、沉积盆地的初始几何形态以及沉积物压实与均衡沉降等参数普遍使用．一维碳酸盐岩模拟模型已较成熟,二维模拟已得到广泛的应用,三维模拟将成为主要手段．模拟将建立在更为坚实的物理定律基础上．并将进一步考虑盆地内流体的流动和热史等．本文最后介绍Ｓｔａｎｆｏｒｄ大学的三维沉积过程模拟软件ＳＥＤＳＩＭ及其应用实例。     

机场高填方蠕变沉降的数值反演预测

将考虑时间效应UH模型编写用户材料子程序（UMAT）并嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS中,再结合多岛遗传算法搭建了数值反演平台。在实际工程中降雨、融雪和临时堆载等因素都会扰乱常态蠕变的沉降规律,使得沉降加快形成突变沉降,进而影响数值反演的预测结果。通过引入非常态蠕变概念并分析突变期间沉降加速的机制,提出了考虑非常态蠕变的反演预测方法。此外,当填方体缺乏分区依据且以多个监测点的沉降数据作为反演目标时,引入了反演参数的分布函数来代替几何模型的分区。并在此基础上进一步考虑沉降突变期间的非常态蠕变影响,进而提出多监测点下考虑非常态蠕变的沉降预测方法。最后,通过河北省承德机场高填方含有沉降突变的监测数据,验证了多监测点数据下考虑非常态蠕变的数值反演的准确性和实用性。     

路基填方材料配合比与施工质量控制研究

本文提出我国北方含水量高的低洼地段公路工程中路基填方铺设方法,重点研究了材料配合比不确定、工程地质条件复杂、充填施工质量不易控制等问题,进行二灰土击实与压缩性能的试验研究,得出了石灰、粉煤灰和土3种充填材料的配合比,并针对工程特点,提出了确保施工质量的措施。室内试验及现场施工均取得了较满意的结果,该研究为公路路基填方提供了可借鉴的经验。     

北京市区杂填土地基处理技术综述

北京市区存在许多杂填土回填地基,主要是人为挖沙等原因形成。该部分地基回填成分复杂,既有建筑垃圾、工业垃圾和生活垃圾,又有几者的混合,而且此种地基成层薄厚不一、具有湿陷性和负摩阻力、均匀性差、承载力低、压缩性高、不确定性成分大且无规律性,所以此种地基必须根据实际情况综合确定经济、适合和可靠的优化处理方案,进行地基处理后才能作为建(构)筑物地基。结合西南四环珠江绿苑工程,论述北京市区杂填土地基处理组合型(综合)技术,并通过试验结果和沉降观测资料分析多种地基处理技术相互结合在高层建筑中应用的效果,并得出结论。     

The usability of bottom ash as an engineering material when amended with different matrices

This study aims at investigating the utilization of bottom ash obtained from four different power stations as a construction fill and landfill bottom liner. For the matrix material, commercial powdered bentonite, construction lime and natural clay were used. Compaction tests (Standard Proctor and vibratory hammer) were carried out on the different ratios of bottom ash and matrix material. The optimum water content ranged from 40 to 45% yielding a dry density mostly ca 1 Mg m⁻³. Uniaxial compressive strength of mixtures ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 kgf cm⁻² which showed a 3–20-fold increase when tested on 28-day cured specimens. Triaxial compression tests yield varying rates of shear strength which also showed as high as an 11-fold increase for cured specimens. The hydraulic conductivity of those mixtures was mostly ca 10⁻⁴ cm s⁻¹, which is not considered to be low enough for landfill lining. Leaching tests using deionized water were also performed to investigate the possible effect of leachate produced from the mixtures on the environment. In conclusion a light density and environmentally friendly mixture is determined and proposed as construction filler.     

吹填土室内模拟试验研究

通过在室内对吹填土进行模拟加固方法的模型试验和快速结壳试验,即模拟现场吹填土沉积情况的量筒沉积试验和沉降柱试验,测定了吹填土在不同土水比及不同添加剂作用下沉降后的容重、孔隙比及含水量等物理指标。由此得出吹填泥浆在静水中的沉降过程可以划分为两个阶段,即细颗粒絮凝下沉为主的沉积阶段和泥浆自重固结阶段,为进一步研究吹填土的沉积特性奠定了基础。     

快速加固吹填泥浆的试验研究与分析

为了研究利用外掺剂加快吹填泥浆的沉积落淤问题,找到能够使吹填土尽快地从泥浆状态转变为具有一定承载力的地基方法,将吹填泥浆中分别加入水泥、生石灰、水泥和生石灰混合剂,通过沉降柱试验模拟了外掺剂作用下吹填泥浆的落淤、自重固结、预压下强度增长等过程,并从粒度成分、矿物成分、和微观结构方面进行了加固机理的分析,从而在吹填的同时对吹填泥浆进行加固。结合处理前后相关试验结果的对比分析发现,外掺剂能够加速吹填泥浆的落淤、固结及强度增长。