煤巷弱胶结顶板稳定性分析与变形控制技术

煤层顶板为弱胶结岩体时稳定性差,常在煤炭回采过程中或巷道掘进时发生大变形或失稳等现象,维护难度较大。针对煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板力学特征与变形控制等问题,以广西林场煤矿煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板支护工程为工程背景,采用现场调研、实验室试验、理论分析等方法进行研究。通过现场调研,发现研究巷道有顶板岩层自承能力差、受水环境影响、支护结构失效率高、底板受水影响底鼓量大、受采动影响等特征;顶板岩石点荷载试验表明,其单轴抗压强度仅为1.9～ 2.3 MPa,采用电镜扫描发现,弱胶结粉砂岩以粗粒矿物为骨架;在普氏理论的基础上,推导了巷道顶板和两帮承压极限表达式,提出了提高巷道围岩整体强度和承载能力、确定合理的锚杆支护参数、顶板设计锚索加强支护等弱胶结巷道围岩控制要点。依据试验分析与理论研究成果,提出了以注浆加固为基础,锚杆和锚索联合支护的控制方案,并在林场煤矿进行了工业性试验。现场监测数据表明,设计的支护方案可以有效地控制煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板变形。     

随钻测量定向钻进技术在矿井顶板水患治理中的应用研究

西北侏罗系顶板裂隙水害是我国煤矿水害主要类型之一,严重影响了矿井的正常生产,并构成了安全隐患。提出采用随钻测量定向钻进技术施工定向长钻孔进行顶板水探放的治理方案,并对钻进成孔工艺和钻探装备进行了选配。选择红柳煤层3121工作面进行了现场应用,施工的定向长钻孔终孔平均出水量是相邻工作面常规钻孔的269倍,相同疏放周期时放水量是常规钻孔的415倍,成功对2个顶板含水层进行探放并达到安全开采要求,起到超前长距离区域探放顶板水的效果,同时可节约78%工期。现场应用情况表明,随钻测量定向钻进技术在顶板水害防治中具有广阔的应用前景,可为类似矿井提供参考。     

康定杂岩的时代及成因探讨

四川西南部前震旦纪康定杂岩,主要由英云闪长质深成岩和一些具残留顶盖特征的变质地层组成。深成岩体呈南北向线性展布,实地接触关系证明,它们是晚于围岩的侵入体;而且岩相学和地球化学特征表明,深成岩是玄武质源的岩浆分离结晶作用产物.结合区内岩石构造组合,可以推断英云闪长质深成岩是在位于陆缘型岩浆弧近大洋的构造环境下形成.鉴于康定杂岩的岩石组合及地球化学特征与太古代地体存在明显差别,其时代应属于元古代.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of stresses in a fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are widely used for rock reinforcement in hard-rock mining and civil engineering since a long time. However the use of fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts is limited in coal mines. In order to improve performance of the rock bolts as a supplementary roof support system for any type of roof condition in coal measured formations, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the behavior of the bolt–grout and grout–rock interactions as well as the mechanism of load transfer in rock bolts.As the performance of grouted bolts depends on bond strength, extensive laboratory pullout as well as pushout tests were conducted in the present investigations with the variations in the bolt diameters, length and cement–water mixing ratios of grout. The load–displacement curves were developed and were verified with the numerical results obtained from finite element analysis using ALGOR software.Numerical models were validated for pushout tests and a detailed analysis was carried out to know the displacement, stress, strain distribution along the bolt.     

基于区间非概率可靠性方法的岩溶区桩基下溶洞顶板稳定性评价

岩溶区桩基下溶洞顶板稳定性影响因素取值的不确定性及其样本数量的有限性,给桩基下溶洞顶板稳定性的评价带来了一定困难。根据现有研究成果,建立桩基下溶洞顶板抗冲切、抗剪切和抗弯力学简化模型,并从理论上推导相应的稳定性验算公式。在此基础上,结合区间分析理论和结构非概率可靠性度量方法,提出了基于区间非概率可靠性方法的桩基下溶洞顶板稳定性评价方法。该方法采用MATLAB中的INTLAB工具箱进行区间运算,并运用截断法消除运算过程中的区间扩展现象,最后通过比较溶洞顶板体系的非概率可靠性指标η与1的大小来判断桩基下溶洞顶板稳定性。以丹霞高速互通中D匝道2#桩基下溶洞为例,计算出该桩基下溶洞顶板体系的非概率可靠性指标η=7.95,该值大于1说明该桩基下溶洞顶板处于稳定状态,且评价结果与工程实际相符,表明了该方法的合理性与可行性。分别以3种功能函数为单位,研究当区间变量的变异系数C不同时(C从0.01递增至0.1),对应非概率可靠性指标η的变化规律。研究表明,随各区间变量变异系数C的增大,相应非概率可靠性指标呈不同程度的降低,其中溶洞顶板厚度h的变异性对评价结果影响最大,其次为桩端阻力分担比T,桩顶反力F的影响相对最小。     

考虑土拱效应的管棚合理间距计算方法

管棚作为隧道安全穿越不良地质地段的超前支护结构,依靠土拱效应发挥其支护作用,管棚间距与成拱效应密切相关。通过引入合理拱轴线,并考虑侧向土压力的影响,结合管棚间土拱破坏条件给出了管棚合理间距的计算方法,通过凤咀江隧道工程实例和离散元对比分析,验证了计算方法的合理性。进一步分析了管棚间距随管棚所处位置的变化规律以及管棚直径、土体参数等对管棚间距的影响规律。结果表明：当侧向土压力系数较小时,拱腰至边墙处管棚间距可适当调大;当侧向土压力系数较大时,拱顶至拱腰处管棚间距应适当减小。管棚间距随管棚直径和土体黏聚力的增加而线性增加,且与土体内摩擦角数呈正相关关系,随内摩擦角增大,对管棚间距的影响也越来越大。     

深部切顶沿空成巷关键参数研究及工程应用

传统充填沿空留巷工艺繁琐﹑留巷速度慢,与现代化高强度开采要求不相适应,由此提出了切顶沿空成巷无煤柱开采新技术,其中关键参数设计是该技术的核心问题之一,对留巷的稳定性具有较大影响。以城郊煤矿21304工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对切顶沿空成巷关键参数进行了系统研究。基于岩石碎胀自承特性和围岩结构“S-R”稳定原理,推导出切顶高度﹑切顶角度的理论计算公式;建立了聚能爆破力学模型,并结合数值模拟和现场试验,确定了聚能爆破装药量及钻孔间距。研究结果表明：合理的切顶参数能够切断巷道顶板与采空区岩层间的力学关系,使采空区顶板沿切缝顺利垮落,碎胀的矸石可有效支撑上覆顶板,限制其回转下沉,减弱覆岩运动对留巷的扰动作用,沿空巷道围岩变形量明显减小。根据理论计算﹑数值分析和现场试验研究成果,确定了城郊煤矿21304工作面切顶沿空成巷关键参数,并在现场进行了应用,回采后沿空巷道侧向顶板能够迅速切落形成巷帮,留巷稳定后各项指标均能满足现场使用要求。     

Long‐term and seasonal hydrologic performance of an extensive green roof

Sustainable strategies such as green roofs have been implemented as stormwater management tools to mitigate disturbance of the hydrologic cycle resulting from urbanization. Green roofs, also referred to as vegetated roofs, can improve the urban landscape by reducing heat island effects, providing ecosystem services, and facilitating the retention and treatment of stormwater. Green roofs have received particular attention because they do not require acquisition and development of land and represent an application of biomimicry in design and construction. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET), antecedent dry period (ADP), and seasonal variation on the run‐off quantity and distribution of an extensive, sedum covered, green roof on a commercial building in Syracuse, NY, USA. The green roof greatly facilitated retention of precipitation events without significant changes over the 4‐year study. The green roof retained on average 95.9 ± 3.6% (6.5 ± 5.6 mm) per rainfall event, with a range from 75% to 99.6% (33.2 to 3.3 mm). However, as precipitation quantity increased, the retention of water decreased. This high water retention capacity was the result of the combined effects of ET, stormwater storage (plants, growth media, and stormwater retention layer), and limited surface run‐off from the roof deck due to variation in the sloping of the green roof and the tapered insulation to the deck drains. The water retention capacity of the green roof did not change significantly between growing and nongrowing seasons. Slightly greater precipitation during the growing season coincided with increased ET. Average potential ET during the growing season was approximately 3 times greater than during the nongrowing season. The hydrologic performance of the green roof was not significantly impacted by an ADP greater than 2 days.     

基于法向量密度聚类的LiDAR点云屋顶面提取

针对现有算法从LiDAR点云中提取复杂建筑物屋顶面不完整、阈值难以设置的问题,提出一种结合点云空间分布的法向量密度聚类提取屋顶面点云方法。通过构建Delaunay三角网,计算建筑物LiDAR点云的法向量;在分析建筑物点云空间和法向量分布特点的基础上,定义一种邻域关系度量屋顶面点云之间的相似性,并利用提出的算法聚类建筑物点云,得到屋顶面片点云粗提取结果;通过构建屋顶面片缓冲区,经面片处理得到建筑物各屋顶面的完整点云。选取不同复杂程度的建筑物进行实验,结果表明,算法能有效提取复杂建筑物屋顶面点云,具有较好的适应性,并能为建筑物三维重建提供可靠的屋顶面信息。     

煤层构造岩顶板稳定性初探

河南登封煤田郜城井田二₁煤层顶板为滑动构造形成的构造岩,岩石破碎,结构松散,极难管理。为寻求合理有效的管理方法,通过宏观观察、镜下鉴定和岩石组构分析等研究,该顶板自下而上可分为断层泥、断层角砾岩、构造破碎带和裂隙带;断层角砾岩分为张性角砾岩和剪性角砾岩,它们是在深层塑性形变的基础上迭加了后期浅层脆性形变的产物。通过工程地质特性试验,其泥化现象明显。针对断层泥软化、膨胀、崩解和泥化现象,应用短段、快速掘砌法施工,严格排水措施,减少岩帮暴露时间,岩帮开挖压力释放槽等方法减缓膨胀;对张性角砾岩围岩,采用工作面预注浆加固,先锚喷后作永久支护办法减少围岩松动;顶板采用密集木支柱支护或迫使冒落法管理。