长江口及邻近水域夏季鱼卵、仔鱼数量分布特征

根据2001~2003年间,每年8月共3个航次对长江口及其邻近水域20个定点测站(30°05′~31°15′N;121°30′~122°50′E)鱼卵、仔鱼调查的资料,着重就该水域鱼卵、仔鱼的数量时空分布的年际变化特征以及有关的水文生物环境影响因子做了分析和探讨。结果表明,鱼卵、仔鱼的数量3 a的年际变化较大,2002年数量为高峰期。平面分布主要集中于长江口和舟山渔场内,杭州湾相对较少。种类以中华小公鱼(Stolephorus chinensis)的卵和仔鱼的分布最多,其变动直接影响总量的变化。盐度相对水温对鱼卵、仔鱼所产生的效应更为明显,降盐以及径流量的加大对鱼卵、仔鱼总量的增加产生一定的影响。而浮游桡足类的数量变动对鱼卵、仔鱼产生一定的作用。调查区内经济性鱼类资源量的日益减少,低值鱼类比例的增加成为资源结构的变动趋势。     

驼背鲈的胚胎发育

对驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育过程进行了观察,描述其发育各期的形态特征及发育速度。驼背鲈成熟卵呈浮性,透明,平均卵径为810μm,油球一个。在水温25~27℃,盐度30条件下,胚胎发育时间为24 h 10 min。     

温度、盐度对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育的影响

温度及盐度是鱼类苗种生产当中2个重要的因子。研究了在不同水温、盐度条件下,半滑舌鳎胚胎发育的情况。通过对孵化时间、孵化率、初孵仔鱼畸形率、活力的比较,发现温度对受精卵的孵化影响显著。受精卵在18℃以下及28℃以上均不能孵化出仔鱼,在18~28℃水温条件下,受精卵可以孵化,其适宜的孵化水温为22~23℃,且随着温度升高受精卵孵化时间逐渐缩短。在水温23℃下,受精卵在盐度16以下及48以上均不能孵化出仔鱼,在盐度18~46的范围内,受精卵均可以孵化出仔鱼,盐度38以上均为畸形,且孵化时间不受盐度的影响,其适宜孵化盐度为28~32。     

Field measurements of emission of nitric oxide from fertilized and unfertilized forest soils in Sweden

Application of nitrate fertilizers on two types of forest soils led to a marked increase in the NO emission rate indicating a large potential for NO production in these soils. The largest fluxes on the fertilized plots were up to 60 ng NO–N m^–2 s^–1. About 0.35% of the applied nitrogen was lost as NO within about 14 days after fertilization. The fluxes from the unfertilized forest soils were in the range 0.1 to 0.8 ng NO–N m^–2 s^–1 with a median value of 0.3 ng NO–N m^–2 s^–1. If this value, obtained during June and August to September, is representative for the growing season (150 days), it corresponds to an annual emission of 0.04 kg NO–N ha^–1. This is about 30% of the value obtained for an unfertilized agricultural soil. Because of the large areas occupied by forests in Sweden the flux of NO from forest soils represents a significant contribution to the total flux of NO from soils in Sweden.Earlier observations of equilibrium concentrations for NO have been verified. These were found to range from 0.2 to 2 ppbv for an unfertilized forest soil and up to 170 ppbv for a fertilized soil. At the rural site in Sweden where these measurements were performed the ambient concentrations where found to be less than this equilibrium concentration, and consequently there was generally a net emission of NO.There are still large uncertainties about the global flux of NO from soils. Using direct measurements on three different types of ecosystems and estimates based on a qualitative discussion for the remaining land areas, a global natural source for NO of the order of 1 Tg N a^–1 was obtained. If 0.35% of the total annual production of fertilizer nitrogen is lost as NO, fertilization of soils may contribute with 20% to the natural flux from soils.     

The use of egg shells to infer the historical presence of copepods in alpine lakes

Copepods (Class Crustacea, Order Copepoda) are rarely included in paleoecological studies of lakes because they lack long-lasting exoskeletal remains. We describe the remains of eggs (egg shells) from Hesperodiaptomus copepods that are well preserved and abundant in alpine lake sediments. We demonstrate that the egg shells are the remains of Hesperodiaptomus eggs based on (i) the similar size and morphology of egg shells collected from sediments and those produced from the hatching of eggs obtained from laboratory-maintained Hesperodiaptomus, and (ii) the finding that diapausing eggs collected from lake sediments and hatched in the laboratory produced copepod nauplii that were morphologically indistinguishable from those hatched from eggs produced by laboratory-maintained Hesperodiaptomus. Egg shells were approximately two orders of magnitude more abundant in sediment cores than were viable diapausing eggs, making egg shells superior to viable diapausing eggs for quantifying the historical presence and abundance of Hesperodiaptomus. These results have important implications for alpine lake restoration as egg shells can be used to identify lakes in which Hesperodiaptomus was eliminated by fish introductions but has failed to return after fish eradication, lakes in which the pre-disturbance conditions are likely to be restored only by reintroductions of this important taxon.     

褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)受精卵及仔稚鱼生理生态学研究进展

作者综述近年来国内外在褐牙鲆受精卵及仔稚鱼的发育、行为及理化环境对其生理生态的影响等方面的研究进展。着重介绍在人工养殖环境中，水温、盐度、水质、光照等环境因素的变化对褐牙鲆卵的孵化及仔稚鱼的发育和行为所产生的影响,以及褐牙鲆仔稚鱼不同发育阶段对各种理化环境的耐受范围和阈值。探讨人工种苗和天然种苗在形态发育及行为等方面的差异，对今后褐牙鲆的集约化健康养殖提出了几点建议。     

Fecundity and spawning of the Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, in Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA

This study provided the first comprehensive analysis of Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) fecundity. Limulus appear to be a determinate spawner, maturing all eggs for the breeding season before spawning begins. On average, larger females held a larger number of eggs (63,500) than smaller females (14,500). By the end of the breeding season there was an average of 11,600 mature eggs per female left undeposited, regardless of female size. Larger females laid a higher percentage of the eggs they contained. Thus they not only contain more eggs, but are more effective at laying them as well. Size of spawning females ranged from about 185–300 mm prosomal width, with by far the highest concentration in the mid‐size ranges. Although on an individual basis large females carry and lay the greatest number of eggs, mid‐size crabs as a group contributed more to the horseshoe crab population in Pleasant Bay because they were more plentiful (net fecundity was highest for mid‐size crabs). These results have implications for the management of this important species, which is harvested for bait, scientific, and biomedical uses. Incorporation of these results into models and other management tools can help predict growth rates, effects of size‐selective harvest, reproductive value, and stable stage distribution of populations.     

东库克海峡腔吻鳕(Macruronus novaezelandiae)卵及稚鱼与水文状况的关系

1987年9月,我们进行了一次详细的调查,确定了东库克海峡(Cook Stait)中腔吻鳕的卵及稚鱼分布与水文状况的关系。由于地方性风的原因,当地的水文结构非常复杂。南塔拉纳基湾(Taranaki Bight)水占据了库克海峡北部和中部的大部分水域。克劳迪湾(Cloudy Bay)沿岸水被河水冲淡,并由于库克海峡峡谷上升流进入克利福德湾(Clifford Bay)和开普.坎贝尔(Cape Campbell)南部沿岸,使克劳迪湾的沿岸水向近岸呈羽状伸展。东开普流水体出现在库克海峡峡谷水深200m附近和陆架外缘。开普.帕利瑟(Cape Palliser)南部的深层混合说明,该地区有一股反气旋涡旋。叶绿素α浓度与混合层深度有关,它在垂直分层的表面水体中最高。腔吻鳕卵在库克海峡峡谷内最多,该地区是这种鱼类著名的产卵场。小的腔吻鳕稚鱼(2.0～3.9mm)数在卵高密度集区和开普。坎贝尔附近最多,而较大的稚鱼(>10mm)在近岸区最多。根据刚孵化出来的稚鱼的分布情况来看,腔吻鳕卵随着当地的上升流进入开普。坎贝尔的近岸地区。