Field test of an intelligent stiffener for bridges at the I-35 Walnut Creek bridge

The addition of controllable hardware to structures to mitigate vibration that results from dynamic loads is an emerging area of technological development. The paper describes the results of a research project that was conducted to test a relatively new approach to structural control: an adjustable semi-active hydraulic actuation system that was attached to an in service interstate bridge. The system, which is powered by a 12-volt automative battery, has been tested over a 2- year period. Data indicates that the system reduces truck induced peak stresses by over 50 per cent, and calculations, per NCHRP 299, indicate that the safe life of the structure is increased by approximately 50 yr. The installed cost of the system represents less than 10 per cent of the cost to replace the bridge. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

张家界旅游地生命周期的分析与调控

通过对我国著名风景名胜区——张家界进行实证研究,以期寻求“旅游地生命周期理论”较好的运用途径,为张家界旅游开发提供理论依据。根据对张家界旅游地生命周期的考察、分析,划分和概述了旅游地生命周期的阶段及其特征,认为影响张家界旅游发展的因素主要有环境因素、竞争因素、管理因素,并有针对性地提出了处在发展阶段的张家界旅游开发策略：一要突出生态主题;二要增加旅游产品的文化内涵;三要加强市场营销手段。     

生物标志化合物、早期生命和古环境

近年来,早期生命和古环境成为地学研究的热点,生物标志化合物在前寒武纪生命演化和环境研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在前寒武系地层中检测到的主要生物标志化合物为：烷烃（包括正构烷烃和异构烷烃、烷基环烷烃）、无环类异戊二烯烃、萜烷（包括三环萜、藿烷、2α-甲基藿烷和3β-甲基藿烷、重排藿烷、新藿烷、降新藿烷）、甾烷（包括C26-C30甾烷、4-甲基甾烷、甲藻甾烷、2-甲基甾烷和3-甲基甾烷、重排甾烷）、类胡萝卜素等。由于不同生物标志化合物的生物前驱物赋存于不同环境之中,并与环境协同演化,分析地层中生物标志化合物组合不仅可得到其前驱物组成信息,还可以获取古环境判断的重要标志。从已知生物标志化合物分析可以发现,在2．7Ga以前就存在生氧光合作用的蓝藻或蓝菌,真核生物可能已经存在,但在古、中元古代,海洋仍以缺氧环境为主,而生物仍以原核生物占优势。新太古代蓝藻或蓝菌的出现虽促进了大气圈的氧化,但海洋氧化的滞后明显制约了真核生物的发展,导致在2．78～0．6Ga长达20多亿年的时间里,生物演化缓慢。     

Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.     

Research on the Fatigue Flexural Performance of RC Beams Attacked by Salt Spray

The fatigue flexural performance of RC beams attacked by salt spray was studied. A testing method involving electro osmosis, electrical accelerated corrosion and salt spray was proposed. This corrosion process method effectively simulates real-world salt spray and fatigue loading exerted by RC components on sea bridges. Four RC beams that have different stress amplitudes were tested. It is found that deterioration by corrosion and fatigue loading reduces the fatigue life of the RC and decreases the ability of deformation. The fatigue life and deflection ability could be reduced by increasing the stress amplitude and the corrosion duration time. The test result demonstrates that this experimental method can couple corrosion deterioration and fatigue loading reasonably. This procedure may be applied to evaluate the fatigue life and concrete durability of RC components located in a natural salt spray environment.     

生命周期视角下建成环境对居民休闲体力活动的影响

近年来,建成环境对居民休闲体力活动的影响受到广泛的关注,但这种影响对于生命周期不同阶段居民来说是否存在差异需深入研究。因此,本文基于生命周期理论,将广州市居民划分为无子阶段、满巢阶段Ⅰ、满巢阶段Ⅱ、空巢期四个阶段,利用多元线性回归方程,研究建成环境对生命周期不同阶段居民休闲体力活动影响的差异。研究发现：（1）各阶段居民散步、中等强度、高强度休闲体力活动的频率和时间差异显著,但休闲体力活动水平无明显差异。（2）由于各阶段居民生活方式和休闲行为不同,建成环境对其休闲体力活动水平的影响存在差异。各阶段居民都受到康体设施密度的正向影响。此外,无子阶段居民偏好多样化且中高强度休闲体力活动,因此受POI密度和交叉口密度正向影响较大。满巢阶段Ⅰ与满巢阶段Ⅱ的居民受到家庭束缚较大,受建成环境影响较小。空巢期居民偏好于散步,受土地利用多样性的正向影响较大,土地利用多样性高的地区,空巢期居民出门活动的几率更高。考虑到各阶段人群特征及需求差异,应采取差异化的建成环境改善措施,提供个性化的服务供给。     

政治地理学中生存空间概念的演变

生存空间是拉采尔创立现代政治地理学之初提出的核心概念,与国家有机体一起构成人类有机体空间政治的分析框架。20世纪上半叶,地缘政治学派继承并发展了国家有机体的概念,同时吸收了民族主义、社会达尔文主义等思想,将生存空间改造成为服务法西斯空间扩张的理论工具。二战结束后,地缘政治学被唾弃为恶学,而生存空间也被抨击为恶学之钥。80年代后期,新政治地理学从批判视角审视生存空间与法西斯的关系,生存空间的理论价值重新得到重视。论文通过梳理生存空间从提出、兴盛、没落到复苏的发展历程,旨在揭示这一概念在理解政治地理学研究模式、认识人地关系、探索空间治理、制定区域决策等方面的重要价值,为中国未来开展相关研究提供参考。     

影响磁性pn结自旋极化输运特性的因素

利用漂移扩散理论研究了磁性pn结中自旋的输运特性.探讨了外加电压、平衡自旋极化率、外加自旋注入和自旋寿命对磁性pn结电流密度和电阻的影响,讨论了磁性pn结自旋伏特效应与pn结宽度的关系.发现平衡自旋极化率使得不同自旋方向电子具有不同的势垒高度从而能有效调制电流;而外加自旋注入则为磁性pn结提供了非平衡自旋极化电子从而达到对电流的调制作用,同时发现自旋伏特电流随准中性p区宽度减小而增大.     

基于实测应力的半潜平台疲劳损伤分析

疲劳破坏是海洋结构物发生破坏的一种主要形式,深水半潜平台在海上运输、作业、停滞时会受到交变的风、浪、流载荷作用,进而引起结构关键节点处的疲劳损伤,影响平台安全性。以"海洋石油981"半潜钻井平台为研究对象,利用光纤光栅应变传感器对结构高应力区进行应力监测,获取测点处应力时历数据。将监测位置划分为四个监测板块,采用四点雨流计数法对测点应力进行处理,得到以离散形式给出的应力循环幅度与相应循环周次。参照DNV《海上钢结构疲劳设计规范》推荐的S-N曲线,基于Miner线性疲劳累计损伤原则,得到各个测点处的总体疲劳损伤度。选取具有最大疲劳损伤度的危险测点,并结合海上实测总时长,预测半潜平台的总体疲劳寿命。