Life In Space: An Introduction To Space Life Sciences And The International Space Station

The impact of the space environment upon living organisms is profound. Its effects range from alterations in sub-cellular processes to changes in the structure and function of whole organ systems. As the number of astronaut and cosmonaut crews flown in space has grown, so to has our understanding of the effects of the space environment upon biological systems. There are many parallels between the physiology of space flight and terrestrial disease processes, and the response of astronaut crews themselves to long-duration space deployment is therefore of central interest. In the next 15 years the International Space Station (ISS) will serve as a permanently manned dedicated life and physical sciences platform for the further investigation of these phenomena. The European Space Agency's Columbus module will hold the bulk of the ISS life science capability and, in combination with NASA's Human Research Facility (HRF) will accommodate the rack mounted experimental apparatus. The programme of experimentation will include efforts in fundamental biology, human physiology, behavioural science and space biomedical research. In the four decades since Yuri Gagarin first orbited the Earth, space life science has emerged as a field of study in its own right. The ISS takes us into the next era of human space exploration, and it is hoped that its programme of research will yield new insights, novel therapeutic interventions, and improved biotechnology for terrestrial application. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

厦门港三叶坚固水母的寄生生活史研究

本地厦门港寄生于半球美螅水母宿主上的三叶坚固水母的生活史进行了研究。描述了该种寄生水母各期纪体的形态特征、发育过程、附着方式和营养来源等,并讨论了生在不同宿主上的发育方式、寄生同种宿主上不同种类各期幼体特征。阐明了筐水母与其它水母的亲缘关系。     

岩土材料疲劳损伤过程的数值跟踪分析

以岩土材料的疲劳损伤试验为基础,基于神经网络的系统分析方法和信号处理技术,对疲劳损伤过程进行在线监测,建立了损伤过程的数学模型,并提取了损伤参数。试验结果表明：在循环荷载的作用下,基于系统分析方法所定义的损伤参数对水泥土样与岩样的损伤发展状态十分敏感,能够有效地跟踪损伤的不同发展阶段。整个损伤过程被分为3个阶段,即疲劳裂纹萌生阶段、疲劳裂纹扩展阶段及疲劳裂纹高速扩展阶段。损伤参数跟踪显示,对于水泥掺入比与龄期均相同的水泥土试样,其疲劳寿命也会表现出较大的离散性;对组分存在差异的砂岩而言,即使疲劳寿命相同,所经历的损伤过程也不完全相同。     

基于实测应力的半潜平台疲劳损伤分析

疲劳破坏是海洋结构物发生破坏的一种主要形式,深水半潜平台在海上运输、作业、停滞时会受到交变的风、浪、流载荷作用,进而引起结构关键节点处的疲劳损伤,影响平台安全性。以"海洋石油981"半潜钻井平台为研究对象,利用光纤光栅应变传感器对结构高应力区进行应力监测,获取测点处应力时历数据。将监测位置划分为四个监测板块,采用四点雨流计数法对测点应力进行处理,得到以离散形式给出的应力循环幅度与相应循环周次。参照DNV《海上钢结构疲劳设计规范》推荐的S-N曲线,基于Miner线性疲劳累计损伤原则,得到各个测点处的总体疲劳损伤度。选取具有最大疲劳损伤度的危险测点,并结合海上实测总时长,预测半潜平台的总体疲劳寿命。     

犬齿牙鲆早期形态特征和生长、发育规律

为掌握犬齿牙鲆早期发育的规律,2006年3-6月在实验室利用显微数码摄像系统,通过电脑观察、测定、拍摄犬齿牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼各期的发育时间及早期的形态特征.犬齿牙鲆室内人工育苗的培育水温19～21 ℃,S为30,pH为8.2,光照度为500 lx左右,饵料依次为经过强化的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料.初孵仔鱼全长2.2～2.5 mm,身体透明,至4～5日龄,卵黄囊缩小,开始摄食,6～7日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕进入后仔鱼期;至29日龄全长9.0～9.4 mm,冠状幼鳍形成完善,开始进入稚鱼期;43日龄时全长15.0～16.0 mm稚鱼右眼完全迁移至左侧,变态完成,营底栖生活进入幼鱼期;幼鱼期鳞被形成完整,基本具有成鱼的外部形态和生活习性.     

国产海洋气象漂流浮标运行评估分析

利用2017年西太平洋海域国产海洋气象漂流浮标（以下简称浮标）实时运行数据、定位数据及观测数据,对浮标有效寿命、文件接收率、数据到报率和数据可用性等主要指标进行了评估。结果表明,浮标漂流速度是反映仪器有效寿命的关键指标,4套浮标有效寿命分别为193.8 h、837.8 h、330.8 h和2766.9 h;有效寿命内浮标文件接收率和数据到报率分别为79.86%和98.74%、97.37%和99.88%、94.65%和100%、65.45%和89.66%。经浮标运行状态参数影响分析和质量控制算法验证,浮标数据可用率分别为98.90%、99.68%、98.31%和60.14%。浮标太阳能充电模块可以一定程度上增加浮标工作寿命,但不能阻止电源损耗,电源电压变化趋势预测结果表明浮标工作寿命在5550 h至8400 h,满足设计指标。     

Population biology of the portunid crab Callinectes arcuatus Ordway in the Gulf of Nicoya,Costa Rica,Central America

Tropical blue crabs Callinectes arcuatus were collected by trawling in the Gulf of Nicoya on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. The gulf population was generally dominated by females. Adult females were common in the upper, more estuarine regions of the gulf during rainy season, but appeared to migrate to the lower gulf during dry season for spawning. Biomass varied with seasonal changes in abundance, but was generally similar to biomass of C. sapidus in Chesapeake Bay. Analysis of size frequency indicated that the population is numerically dominated by adults during January and February and that juveniles are common during the remainder of the year. Extrapolation of available data suggests that female crabs reach maturity in approximately one year after hatching.     

中国城市生活空间及社区可持续发展研究现状与趋势

本文首先回顾了西方发达国家研究城市生活空间和社区可持续发展的历史 ,指出中国对该论题的研究仅处于起步阶段。中国研究城市生活空间和社区可持续发展的现状主要包括以下 7个方面 :1城市生活空间要素研究 ;2城市生活空间结构及其基本理论研究 ;3城市生活空间质量评价与实践探索 ;4城市生活空间规划的理论研究与实践探索 ;5城市生活空间适居性研究 ;6城市生活空间发展变化的研究 ;7城市生活空间与社区可持续发展研究。其趋势主要表现在以下 6个方面 :1城市生活空间与自然的和谐 ;2城市生活空间结构要素的协调发展和社区系统要素的整合 ;3城市生活空间整合和社区融合 ;4城市生活情境空间和社区情境空间的总体艺术布局 ;5绿色城市生活空间和绿色社区设计 ;6城市生活信息空间和智能环境社区。总之 ,创建绿色城市生活空间和绿色社区 ,促进城市社区的可持续发展 ,是 2 1世纪诸多相关学科共同研究的主题。为了今后更好地开展城市生活空间和社区可持续发展研究 ,本文提出了研究中应该注意的若干问题。