A coupled damage–plasticity model for concrete based on thermodynamic principles: Part I: model formulation and parameter identification

The development of a coupled damage‐plasticity constitutive model for concrete is presented. Emphasis is put on thermodynamic admissibility, rigour and consistency both in the formulation of the model, and in the identification of model parameters based on experimental tests. The key feature of the thermodynamic framework used in this study is that all behaviour of the model can be derived from two specified energy potentials, following procedures established beforehand. Based on this framework, a constitutive model featuring full coupling between damage and plasticity in both tension and compression is developed. Tensile and compressive responses of the material are captured using two separate damage criteria, and a yield criterion with a multiple hardening rule. A crucial part of this study is the identification of model parameters, with these all being shown to be identifiable and computable based on standard tests on concrete. Behaviour of the model is assessed against experimental data on concrete. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

杭锦旗区块二叠系气层产能影响因素分析

杭锦旗区块上古生界二叠系发育了多套近源陆相碎屑岩沉积,自下而上存在着多套含气层砂体。储层具有中低孔低渗且纵横向非均质性较强等特征,致使气层需压裂改造后才具有一定产能。综合运用薄片、X衍射、压汞等实验资料及钻井测试成果,对气层的伤害、产能与探测半径和产能系数之间关系等进行分析研究,认为本区气层易受外来侵入流体污染,压裂规模和解堵有效程度将制约着气层产能。因此,若要有效改造气层和提高天然气产能,必须针对本区二叠系气层特有的特征,研究和采用合理的钻井技术、压裂工艺保护气层和加大压裂规模、扩大其渗流面等气层改造方法。     

A new device for investigating the hydro‐mechanical properties of rock joints

A new experimental system composed of two devices is presented for studying the hydraulic conductivity of rock joints and other interfaces in relation with their mechanical loading. This system allows for investigations on the anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity, as well as for its heterogeneity. The first device controls the injection of a fluid, regulated in pressure or discharge near the centre of the sample of rock joint, which produces a quasi‐radial flow within the joint. The output flow is measured in real time using a sectorized peripheral membrane for acquisition of data about the directionality or anisotropy of the flow. The second device allows for the measurement of the evolution of the morphology and of the void map of the rock joints during their mechanical loading (compression or shearing). It is a laser beam moved by an (x, y) frame. This frame is installed within the shear box at several stages of the loading, after temporarily moving one rock wall away from the other one, but without unmounting them from the shear box. After the presentation of the experimental system, and of its performances, we give some examples of test results of replicas of rock joints, loaded in compression and shearing. First, these results show that the change in global transmissivity of the samples is strongly correlated with the normal relative displacement of the rock walls. Several statistical analyses of the change in the void map, taking into account the damage of the asperities of the joint, are presented and compared with the results of the directional output flows. Today further studies involving a FEM as well as a finite volume modelling of the flow within the joints, based on the measured void map are in progress for a more precise comparison to the experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mode I crack propagation in concrete under fatigue: microscopic observations and modelling

In this study, three‐point bending tests were carried out on notched beams to investigate mode I crack propagation in plain concrete under fatigue. The first part of the study focused on microscopic observations of the crack growth features. Microscopic observations were made using the replica method associated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observations of fatigue crack growth both on the surface and inside the specimens are presented as a comparison between the observed crack lengths and those estimated by the compliance calibration method. In the second part, a finite element model of mode I crack propagation under fatigue is presented. According to the cohesive crack concept, a cohesive force distribution on the crack at various loading stages is assumed, according to both the stress‐crack opening relation worked out by Hordijk (1991; Thesis, Technische Universiteit) and a new proposed relation with hysteresis loop. Finite element computation is used to evaluate the crack extension in the bending beams. Numerical predictions are discussed in comparison with experimental results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small‐scale faulting,topographic steps and seismic ruptures in the Alhambra (Granada,southeast Spain

The Alhambra (14th century AD ) in Granada (southeast Spain) is built at the summit of a Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene conglomeratic formation. Tens of small‐scale normal faults crop out along the northern hillslope of the Alhambra, which have a N130–N150°E strike, dipping 65–75° mostly to the southwest. These are closely spaced faults (approximately 5–30 m) with centimetre to several metre displacements. Several topographic steps in this area coincide with hectometre‐ to kilometre‐scale faults with the same kinematics as the small‐scale ones. Some of these faults appear to be active and related to the present seismicity detected in this region, and associated with the cracks and other damage observed in the Alhambra. Several focal mechanisms calculated in this study are in accordance with the dominant NW–SE orientated normal faults. We interpret that the topographic steps of these faults are a consequence of repeated earthquakes during the past 800 ka. The last large earthquake of approximately 5.1 magnitude in this area occurred in 1431, destroying the Alixares Palace, the Arabian fence and part of the Alhambra wall. We consider the seismic risk associated with these faults to be moderate, as the displacement is partitioned into several hectometre‐ to kilometre‐scale faults. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境激励下基于波动能量法的结构损伤识别

目前作为结构健康监测系统核心的损伤识别大多是基于模态参数变化而进行的,但模态参数对局部损坏不敏感,导致损伤识别精度不够。波在结构中的传播状态可以更好地反映局部损伤状况,波动能量可以作为损伤识别的有效指标。为了提高环境激励下结构损伤识别的精度,采用S变换分析了结构输出信号,建立波动能量指标,从而使波动能量指标的使用领域扩展到非平稳信号范围。最后通过三层钢框架试验及弹性分层剪切梁的数值模型对该方法进行了验证,结果表明:该方法不仅能够有效识别结构损伤位置,而且能够识别出损伤程度。     

克拉玛依油田二厂八区套管破损机制研究

克拉玛依油田二厂八区井区经过长期开采出现了大量的套管破损问题。对套管破损位置进行总结归纳发现,套管破损主要存在于白垩系吐谷鲁群、侏罗系齐古组、二叠系乌尔禾组等地层中。对研究区连井进行地层对比、地震数据体进行波阻抗反演和砂体分析,发现研究区内白垩系吐谷鲁群和侏罗系齐古组的砂体十分发育,广泛存在于整套地层中。砂体中流体的渗流作用对套管的腐蚀为套管破损的主要因素。泥岩吸水蠕变膨胀、油层出砂和固井质量不合格为套管破损的其他因素。     

Nonlinear analysis of out‐of‐plane masonry façades: full dynamic versus pushover methods by rigid body and spring model

The paper proposes a systematic comparison between two methods of analysis that are well established in the field of earthquake engineering: nonlinear dynamic analysis and nonlinear static procedure (NSP), applied to the out‐of‐plane seismic response of two masonry façades representative of many ancient Italian churches. The comparison is based on extensive numerical analyses, which focus on the flexural and torsional mechanisms, while the in‐plane damage mechanisms and the possible detachment between the façade and the lateral walls because of a poor connection have been presently disregarded. The computations, both in the static and in the dynamic field, are based on a rigid body and spring model specifically implemented for this issue, computationally efficient and equipped with a realistic model of damage and hysteresis at the mesoscale. An innovative aspect of this study is the heuristic modelling of three‐wythe masonry, to include some typical texture effects on the macroscale nonlinear response. For each façade, two different masonry textures were considered, performing extensive dynamic analyses that offered a detailed overview about the performance under earthquakes of different intensities. In parallel, NSP and the classical N2‐based seismic assessment were applied. A critical discussion and comparison of the results of the two methods is presented to rationally appraise limits and opportunities. In particular, flexural and twisting out‐of‐plane mechanisms were clearly appraised in the dynamic field, whereas NSPs were not always able to describe the collapse, because they missed the partial failures determined by higher vibration modes, as could be expected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A combined local damage index for seismic assessment of existing RC structures

A new local damage index for existing RC structures is introduced, wherein deterioration caused by all deformation mechanisms (flexure, shear, anchorage slip) is treated separately for each mechanism. Moreover, the additive character of damage arising from the three response mechanisms, and the increase in degradation rate caused by their interaction, are fully taken into consideration. The proposed local damage index is then applied, in conjunction with a finite element model developed previously by the authors, to assess seismic damage response of several RC column and frame test specimens with substandard detailing. It is concluded that in all cases and independently from the prevailing mode of failure, the new local damage index describes well the damage pattern of the analysed specimens. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.