Eddy Diffusion Coefficients of Suspended Particulate Matter: Effects of Wind Energy Transfer and Stratification

Gross sedimentation rates (GSR) have been measured using sediment traps placed at nine different levels above the bed (0·3, 0·5, 0·8, 1·0, 2·0, 4·0, 6·0, 8·0 and 10·0 m). The sediment traps were deployed for 1·25 years and recovered 28 times during the study period. Low average GSR values of 5·5 g m^-2 day^-1 were obtained at 10·0 m, and high average GSR values of 114·8 g m^-2 day^-1 were obtained at 0·3 m. An expression for the eddy diffusion coefficient of suspended particulate matter (K_s), based on the measured GSR is given. The expression has been used for modelling of K_s at the different trap levels above the bed. High values (≈42 cm² s^-1) of K_s were obtained at the upper traps, whereas low values (≈2 cm² s^-1) were obtained near the bed. Comparison between level of turbulent energy in terms of shear stress at the boundaries of the water column, i.e. from the wind and the bed flow, showed that wind energy exceeded that of the bed flow by a factor 16. At 5·0 m K_s was positively correlated (r=0·66) to the eddy diffusion coefficient of momentum (K_m) derived from the wind energy transfer to the water, giving an average β of 0·5 for K_s =βK_m. The density difference between surface and bottom waters has been designated a parameter of stratification, and is discussed in relation to variations of K_s and K_m .     

二维波动方程约束反演的大范围收敛广义脉冲谱方法

针对二维波动方程，将大范围收敛的同伦 方法引入算子参数识别反演的过程，并结合求解不适定问题的Tikhonov正则化方法，设计了二维波动方程反演的大范围收敛广义脉冲谱方法，并利用测井资料进行了约束反演. 大量 的数值模拟结果以及抗噪实验均表明了方法的有效性.     

大同市区二十年地下水动态研究

本文首先分析了大同市地下水开采与地下水降深之间的对应关系，同时分析了影响地下水动态的其它因素，然后将地下水开采和大气降水量这两个影响地下水动态的主要因素与地下水动态进行复相关计算，求出相关方程，并进行不同开采量的地下水降深预测，最后根据这些地下水动态研究结果提出了解决大同市水问题几项对策建议。本文的研究结果同时表明，地下水动态研究非常必要且现实意义明显。通过动态变化可以了解地下水的补排及储水介质的变化情况，利用动态变化规律可以预测水文地质条件的变化趋势，根据地下水动态变化特点可采取有针对性的、灵活的取水方案。可以说，地下水动态研究成果在水资源的开发、利用、保护中具有极大的可利用价值。     

地球物理学中的电磁场正演与反演

本文在近年来众多的地球物理研究者的研究基础上,总结了当前地电磁模型正反演已有成果,定量分析了各种主要正反演的性能测试,指出不同正反演法的优点、缺点以及应用范围局限,提出了各种方法的发展趋势以及当前计算地球物理领域的核心内容,指出了计算地球物理领域的数值模拟发展方向.     

抽汲地下水引起地面沉降的水-土耦合三维有限元数值模拟

建立了抽汲地下水非稳定流定解问题的三维数学模型,利用现有承压含水层非稳定流定解问题数值方程求解,重点讨论了源汇项的具体数学表达式.根据土的有效应办原理和压密原理推导出抽水沉降非线性弹性压密方程,结合武汉新业大厦水文地质与工程地质条件,利用已研制的三维有限元计算程序LCYXY3D.F90对该环境岩土工程问题进行了分析和评价,计算结果与实测结果符合较好.     

厚度对月壤微波辐射亮温的影响

基于嫦娥系列卫星微波辐射计数据的月壤厚度反演是中国月球科学研究的重要目标之一。基于辐射传输方程,数值模拟了不同频率、（FeO+TiO₂）含量和表面温度条件下厚度对月壤微波辐射亮温的影响;基于嫦娥二号卫星微波辐射计（Chang’E Lunar Microwave Sounder,CELMS）数据,结合Apollo 计划获取的月壤厚度资料及其他月壤厚度资料,系统分析了厚度对CELMS观测数据的影响。结果表明：频率、（FeO+TiO₂）含量、表面温度对亮温的影响远大于厚度对亮温的影响,是基于CELMS数据进行月壤厚度反演的重要影响因素;低频、低（FeO+TiO₂）含量、低温条件下,厚度对CELMS数据的影响最大;利用3 GHz、凌晨时刻的CELMS数据进行月陆地区月壤厚度反演可行。研究结果对基于嫦娥系列卫星CELMS数据的月壤厚度反演具有重要参考意义。     

地震次生地质灾害应急调查多源遥感影像处理及应用——以汶川大地震为例

汶川大地震发生后,遥感技术即刻成为抢险救灾的重要信息来源,多源遥感影像的协同快速处理尤为关键。以国道213（映秀-汶川段）为例,探讨了研究区TM正射影像、DMC航空影像及QB影像三种数据的协同快速处理,处理后的影像色彩统一、色调一致,质量较好,能满足灾情应急调查使用。     

准饱和多孔介质中圈闭气体对渗透系数的影响

含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流,准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响,在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大;4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内,准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%,且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式;该公式与Faybishenko公式等效,但形式简单,参数较少,使用方便;准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙,造成原有效孔隙度减少,从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论,Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律,而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差,不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数;试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。     

Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments and inorganic nitrogen fluxes across the sediment/water interface on the South Island West Coast,New Zealand

In January 1982, sediment microbial N transformations and inorganic N fluxes across the sediment/water interface were studied at nine sites off the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. The sediments showed a great variety in physical, chemical and biological properties. The sediment organic matter had a molar $\text{C}\text{N}$ ratio of 5.9–10.9, and the total $\text{N}\text{P}$ ratio was 1.2–4.0. The denitrification capacity in the top 7.5 cm of sediment was 0.1–77.2 mmol N m^?2 day^?1 and generally declined with increasing sediment depth. The in situ denitrification rate was 0.02–1.84 mmol N m^?2 day^?1 and highest activities were generally found in surface sediments and at 6–7.5 cm depth. Denitrification accounted for 82–100% of total nitrate reduction. Net N mineralization was indirectly estimated at 0.6–2.4 mmol N m^?2 day^?1, and the experimental determination of this N transformation gave 0.6–3.2 mmol N m^?2 day^?1. Denitrification accounted for 3–75% of net N mineralization. The diffusive flux of ammonium and nitrate across the sediment/water interface was 0.1–0.7 and 0.1–0.6 mmol N m^?2 day^?1, respectively.     

POLAR COORDINATE MEAN INFORMATION FIELDS

Polar Coordinate Mean Information Fields have several advantages over the traditional square grid method of Hagerstrand. These include consistency with theory, more explicit and accurate incorporation of directions, ease of rotation, and easy conversion to 3-dimensional diffusion.