室内模拟试验确定横向扩散系数的研究--以吉林市第二松花江某江段为例

确定河流横向扩散系数的主要方法有经验公式法和河流示踪试验法.以室内模拟试验求横向扩散系数的方法是一种新的尝试,采用几何相似原理,通过不同流量、流速条件下的室内模拟试验,计算出与河流相应条件下的横向扩散系数,所得结果(0.086 m2/s)与同条件下现场分析计算的结果(0.079～0.088 m2/s)基本一致.模拟试验不仅克服了野外条件下示踪剂投放和测试条件的不便,还能够更好地研究不同水动力条件下污染物的扩散运移规律.     

A new mixing equation for bed material composition in bed form dominant conditions

Vertical mixing beneath the bed surface and its effect on sediment composition has long been underestimated. This paper proposes a mixing equation to illustrate the temporal and spatial variations of bed material composition for bed form dominant rivers. A continuous mass conservation equation for elevation-specific nonuniform bed material composition is initially presented. A vertical mixing equation is finally derived as a diffusion-type partial differential equation with a source term charact...     

Chromothermal oscillations and collapse of strange stars to black holes: astrophysical implications

We study the effects of temperature on strange stars. It is found that the maximum mass of the star decreases with the increase of temperature, as at high temperatures the equations of state become softer. Moreover, if the temperature of a strange star increases, keeping its baryon number fixed, its gravitational mass increases and its radius decreases. This leads to a limiting temperature, where it turns into a black hole. These features are the result of a combined effect of the change of gluon mass and the quark distribution with temperature. We report on a new type of radial oscillation of strange stars, driven by what we call 'chromothermal' instability. We also discuss the relevance of our findings in the astrophysics of core collapse supernovae and gamma-ray bursts.     

涪陵页岩气田江东区块优快钻井技术研究与应用

涪陵页岩气田江东区块地质构造复杂、地层倾角大,存在机械钻速低、定向钻井托压严重、水平井轨迹控制困难等问题,给该地区优快钻井作业带来了挑战。本文通过总结现场施工作业及技术攻关实践,分析总结了江东区块复杂地质条件下相适应的钻井新工艺、新工具,形成了一套适用于涪陵页岩气田江东区块的优快钻井技术。江东区块钻井周期从开发前期的235 d缩短至9033 d,机械钻速、储层钻遇率不断提高的同时,定向钻井托压、钻头提前失效等工况逐渐减少。通过4年发展,涪陵页岩气田江东区块优快钻井集成技术逐渐成熟,基本满足了深层页岩气的开发需要。     

基于构造导向的叠后处理技术——以渤海湾盆地A油田为例

对地震资料进行叠后解释性处理时,往往只是单纯的数学运算很少受到地质条件的约束。当地下岩层为水平地层时,这种方法会获得较好的效果。但地下岩层具有一定的倾角,这时就可能会发生分辨率降低、信噪比下降或资料失真等现象。针对这个问题,引入构造导向体来约束叠后资料的处理过程。首先根据原始地震资料生成包含倾角和方位角信息的构造导向体;其次在构造导向体的控制下以相似性为判断条件对原始地震资料进行构造导向的中值滤波或扩散滤波;最后通过原始地震资料和相干体等对处理前、后的资料品质进行了综合的分析对比。方向信息的引入使运算沿着构造的走向进行,消除了地层倾斜的影响,最大程度保证资料真实性的同时使资料的品质得到极大地提高,有效指导了A油田井位的设计和实施。     

准饱和多孔介质中圈闭气体对渗透系数的影响

含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流,准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响,在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大;4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内,准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%,且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式;该公式与Faybishenko公式等效,但形式简单,参数较少,使用方便;准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙,造成原有效孔隙度减少,从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论,Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律,而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差,不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数;试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。     

高效优化非分裂PML边界二阶标量波方程数值模拟方法

卷积完全匹配层（convolution perfectly matched layer,CPML）吸收边界是一种高效处理波动方程数值模拟中人工边界反射波的方法。本文基于传统的一阶系统CPML吸收边界条件推广并推导了新的二阶系统CPML边界条件（NCPML）。与常规二阶系统CPML边界条件不同,新边界条件推导的核心思想是在复数-频率域中忽略部分衰减因子空间变化特性,避免其在时间域产生复杂卷积算子,然后反变换至时间域得到基于CPML吸收条件的二阶标量波方程,并应用于二阶标量波方程数值模拟。均匀介质模型测试验证了NCPML吸收条件在内存使用上相对于常规二阶系统CPML与SPML（split PML）吸收条件更少。在对人工边界反射的吸收效果上,NCPML稍逊色于常规二阶系统CPML,但二者均相对于SPML优势明显。最后通过层状模型和Marmousi模型测试验证了NCPML的稳定性及其在效率上的优势。     

基于NAD算法的声波方程时间四阶差分解法

波动方程数值模拟是研究地震波传播机理的重要工具,有限差分求解波动方程是当前地震波数值模拟的主要方法之一。当地下介质中的地震波速度较低或地震波高频成分丰富时,常规有限差分技术常常产生严重的数值频散误差,这种误差会降低数值模拟的精度,影响对地震波传播机理的分析。为压制地震波数值模拟时产生的数值频散误差,提高波场模拟精度,提出了基于NAD算子的时间四阶精度波动方程差分格式。根据对应的差分格式,分析了该差分格式的数值频散关系。与常规四阶精度差分算法的频散曲线相比,基于NAD时间四阶精度差分方法不但能够实现时间频散的有效压制,同时其基于更多网格点的位移分量和位移梯度分量空间微分求解方法还能够实现空间频散的有效压制。另外在相同模型条件下,基于NAD算法的声波方程时间四阶差分解法可采用大网格对模拟空间进行差分离散,减少网格数,提高计算效率。     

Numerical study for vegetation effects on coastal wave propagation by using nonlinear Boussinesq model

The vegetation has important impacts on coastal wave propagation. In the paper, the sensitivities of coastal wave attenuation due to vegetation to incident wave height, wave period and water depth, as well as vegetation configurations are numerically studied by using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq model. The model is based on the implementation of drag resistances due to vegetation in the fully nonlinear Boussinesq equation where the drag resistance is provided by the Morison’s formulation for rigid structure induced drag stresses. The model is firstly validated by comparing with the experimental results for wave propagation in vegetation zones. Subsequently, the model is used to simulate waves with different height, period propagating on vegetation zones with different water depth and vegetation configurations. The sensitivities of wave attenuation to incident wave height, wave period, water depth, as well as vegetation configurations are investigated based on the numerical results. The numerical results indicate that wave height attenuation due to vegetation is sensitive to incident wave height, wave period, water depth, as well as vegetation configurations, and attenuation ratio of wave height is increased monotonically with increases of incident wave height and decreases of water depth, while it is complex for wave period. Moreover, more vegetation segments can strengthen the interaction of vegetation and wave in a certain range.     

中国高尔夫球场时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式

利用空间分析和数理统计等方法探究了1984—2016年中国高尔夫球场数量时空演变、影响因素和扩散模式。结果表明：1）球场数量变化经历了低速增长期、稳定增长期、加速增长期和紧缩期；2）球场空间分布范围经历了扩张期和收缩期，向北、向西扩散较为明显；3）目前球场主要分布在经济发展水平较高且外向型经济突出的长三角、珠三角和环渤海地区；4）人均GDP、人口规模、区域开放程度、交通优势度、气候类型和土地资源稀缺性与球场空间分布均呈显著正相关，其中交通优势度相关系数最大；5）高尔夫球场空间扩散模式兼具接触性扩散和等级性扩散。