TRMM卫星降水反演数据在珠江流域的适用性研究——以东江和北江为例

为评估最新一代TRMM 3B42-V7卫星降水反演数据产品在珠江流域的精度和适用性,选取位于珠江流域下游的东江和北江流域为研究区域,基于地面雨量站点数据评估了该产品的精度和适用性,并结合可变下渗容量（Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC）水文模型进行了水文模拟验证。对比分析结果表明,在网格尺度上,大多数网格日尺度相关系数达到0.60以上,月尺度相关系数达到0.90以上,3B42-V7产品表现出较好的精度,在区域尺度上精度得到了进一步提高;水文模拟验证分两种情景下进行,情景Ⅰ的结果表明,当水文模型由地面雨量站点数据率定时,3B42-V7产品数据的水文模拟效果不佳,个别区间内存在对洪峰流量明显的低估;情景Ⅱ的结果表明,由3B42-V7产品数据重新率定水文模型时径流模拟效果有了较大改善,说明该产品可在一定程度上作为资料缺乏地区的降水数据来源。     

青藏高原湖泊面积动态监测

高原湖泊的动态变化对区域水循环具有重要影响。受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原湖泊自20世纪90年代开始呈现剧烈扩张趋势。为揭示近年来青藏高原湖泊面积的时空变化规律,本文提出了一种改进的半自动湖泊提取算法,结合环境减灾卫星（HJ-1A/1B）和Landsat系列卫星影像数据,对青藏高原内流流域中面积大于50 km²的127个湖泊进行了连续6年的动态监测,并分析了该区域2009-2014年湖泊面积时空变化特征。研究结果表明,该区域湖泊整体呈现显著扩张趋势,年均变化速率为231.89 km²yr^-1（0.87 %yr^-1）,6年间湖泊面积扩张速率有所减缓。其中,扩张湖泊有104个,收缩湖泊有23个,变化速率分别为271.08 km²yr^-1（1.02 % yr^-1）和-39.19 km²yr^-1（-0.15 %yr^-1）。不同区域湖泊面积变化具有明显差异,主要表现为东部及北部大部分区域湖泊扩张,南部地区大部分湖泊面积稳定,萎缩湖泊主要分布于研究区四周。最后,本文通过分析冰川融水补给对湖泊面积变化的影响,发现存在冰川融水补给的湖泊面积变化率远大于不存在冰川融水补给的湖泊。由此可见,近年来冰川融水的增加是促进青藏高原内流流域湖泊扩张的主要因素之一。     

TRMM 3B43降水数据在黄河源区的适用性评价

应用1998-2013年气象台站实测的降水数据以及2013年6-9月使用雨量桶收集的数据对TRMM 3B43 V7降水数据在黄河源区的精度从不同时间尺度、不同台站、以及不同海拔、坡度和坡向进行评价。检验发现,TRMM 3B43 数据对年和四季降水出现了不同程度的高估或低估,对于年降水、秋冬季降水表现为高估,而对春夏季降水表现为低估。同时,TRMM 3B43 数据在位于半湿润区的气象站点的降水数据质量优于半干旱区的气象站点的数据质量。除此以外,对TRMM降水在不同海拔、坡度和坡向的精度评估发现,随着海拔的升高,TRMM降水的相对偏差呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化趋势;随着坡度的升高,TRMM降水的相对偏差呈增加趋势;TRMM降水在东北坡、东坡和东南坡的偏差相对较小,而在西坡、南坡、北坡、西南坡的偏差相对较大。     

Clarifying the distal to proximal tephrochronology of the Millennium (B–Tm) eruption,Changbaishan Volcano,northeast China

Tephra dispersed during the Millennium eruption (ME), Changbaishan Volcano, NE China provides one of the key stratigraphic links between Asia and Greenland for the synchronization of palaeoenvironmental records. However, controversy surrounds proximal-distal tephra correlations because (a) the proposed proximal correlatives of the distal ME tephra (i.e. B–Tm) lack an unequivocal chronostratigraphic context, and (b) the ME tephra deposits have not been chemically characterized for a full spectrum of element using grain-specific techniques. Here we present grain-specific glass chemistry, including for the first time, single grain trace element data, for a composite proximal sequence and a distal tephra from Lake Kushu, northern Japan (ca. 1100 km away from Changbaishan). We demonstrate a robust proximal-distal correlation and that the Kushu tephra is chemically associated with the ME/B–Tm. We propose that three of the proximal pyroclastic fall units were erupted as part of the ME. The radiocarbon chronology of the Kushu sedimentary record has been utilised to generate a Bayesian age-depth model, providing an age for the Kushu tephra which is consistent with high resolution ages determined for the eruption and therefore supports our geochemical correlation. Two further Bayesian age-depth models were independently constructed each incorporating one of two ice-core derived ages for the B–Tm tephra, providing Bayesian modelled ages of 933–949 and 944–947 cal AD (95.4%) for the Kushu tephra. The high resolution ice-core tephra ages imported into the deposition models help test and ultimately constrain the radiocarbon chronology in this interval of the Lake Kushu sedimentary record. The observed geochemical diversity between proximal and distal ME tephra deposits clearly evidences the interaction of two compositionally distinct magma batches during this caldera forming eruption.     

CBERS-02B星CCD与HR数据融合方法探讨

随着CBERS-02B星(以下简称02B星)多光谱CCD数据与全色HR数据在各个领域的广泛应用,两者相差较大的空间分辨率给图像融合带来难题。在对改进型的IHS变换、主成分变换、Brovey变换、GS变换等融合算法分析的基础上,利用02B星数据进行融合试验,并对试验结果进行定性与定量评价,结果表明:①Brovey变换融合效果较差;②在影像的阴影区域,改进型的IHS变换融合结果存在光谱失真;③PCA变换光谱保真较好;④GS变换无论是统计结果还是图像的色彩和清晰度都明显优于上述三种方法。     

基于ENVI／IDL的AVHRR1B数据格式读取与预处理软件模块开发

NOAAAVHRR提供的1B数据,是以一个文件存储图像数据和相关的辅助数据,目前的商用遥感图像处理软件大多无法直接读取与图像有关的定标、定位、太阳与传感器位置等数据,对图像的后续定量化处理与应用带来了困难。本文在深入分析1B数据格式的基础上,实现了基于ENV~IDL平台的1B格式数据读取与预处理模块开发,这对于AVHRR图像数据的应用具有重要的现实意义。     

Spatiotemporal Variations of Microwave Land Surface Emissivity (MLSE) over China Derived from Four-Year Recalibrated Fengyun 3B MWRI Data

Microwave Land Surface Emissivity (MLSE) over China under both clear and cloudy sky conditions was retrieved using measurements of recalibrated microwave brightness temperatures (Tbs) from Fengyun-3B Microwave Radiation Imager (FY-3B MWRI), combined with cloud properties derived from Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) observations. The contributions from cloud particles and atmospheric gases to the upwelling Tbs at the top of atmosphere were calculated and removed in radiative transfer. The MLSEs at horizontal polarizations at 10.65, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz during 7 July 2015 to 30 June 2019 over China showed high values in the southeast vegetated area and low values in the northwest barren, or sparsely vegetated, area. The maximum values were found in the belt area of the Qinling-Taihang Mountains and the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is highly consistent with MLSEs derived from AMSR-E. It demonstrates that the measurements of FY-3B MWRI Tbs, including its calibration and validation, are reliable, and the retrieval algorithm developed in this study works well. Seasonal variations of MLSE in China are mainly driven by the combined effects of vegetation, rainfall, and snow cover. In tropical and southern forest regions, the seasonal variation of MLSE is small due to the enhancement from vegetation and the suppression from rainfall. In the boreal area, snow causes a significant decrease of MLSE at 36.5 GHz in winter. Meanwhile, the MLSE at lower frequencies experiences less suppression. In the desert region in Xinjiang, increases of MLSEs at all frequencies are observed with increasing snow cover.     

浅谈利用遥感卫星ALOS1B1级数据制作外业调绘用图的方法——以芜湖县第二次土地调查为例

全国第二次土地调查于2007年下半年启动,2009年完成,安徽省于2008年4月率先启动了芜湖县的试点工作,并自行购买了ALOS1B1级数据制作DOM,套合上矢量的原始土地利用现状图,以便于外业调绘的全面开展.下面,是笔者对利用ALOS1B1级数据制作正射影像图以及外业调绘用图的方法进行了探讨,研究发现,此方法易于掌握,调绘底图的生产快速,质量可靠,效果显著.     

基于不同小波变换与同态滤波结合的CBERS-02B卫星CCD图像的薄云去除

卫星CCD图像的去云处理对遥感信息的增强与提取有重要的意义,尤其是在云覆盖严重的低纬度地区。为去除CBERS-02B卫星CCD图像中薄云的影响,分别使用Mallat和à trous 2种小波变换对图像进行分解;利用同态滤波对2种小波分解图像的低频系数进行处理,衰减其低频信息;将处理后的小波低频系数与分解的高频系数进行小波重构,从而达到去云的目的。定量分析基于Mallat和à trous小波变换结合同态滤波法的去云结果表明,经à trous小波变换结合同态滤波法的去云影像所包含信息量大,细节信息丰富,去云效果较好。     

Google地图应用之广东省地区JOPENS地震速报系统

利用Google公司提供的电子地图服务,以B/S结构(即浏览器和服务器结构)作为系统设计架构,监听JOPENS实时系统发送的地震触发消息,访问JOPENS数据库,根据广东省地区的监测要求,制定检索、筛选策略,获取地震详细信息,显示在浏览器网页上.采用Google地图的JOPENS地震速报系统可以使地震信息发布的显示内容...